Light Waves and X-Rays : Different forms of Light Waves

USING WAVES AND ELECTRONS:

Light Wave Page

WAVES:

Light is form of energy that enables us to see and makes plants grow. A light beam can travel through empty space.So this energy does not use the air or other material through which it passes in order to travel.The energy must must therefore be carried by the beam itself.

We can tell from the sharp edges  of shadows that rays of light travel through air along straight path.They cannot bend round corners.

                                                                                 Animation showing different Wave Form of Light

People therefore thought of light rays as straight lines. They help to explain reflection and refraction. Then in 1680,Huygens suggested that light rays were in fact waves. Over a century later his theory was shown to be true.

 WAVE LENGTHS:

Different Wave Forms of Light

Light travels in one direction but the ray itself is moving up and down in continuous crests and troughs.This wave has a similar shape to ripples on a pond.As it moves through space,there is always the same distance between two neighbouring crests or troughs. The distance is called the wavelength.It is an extremely tiny distance measured in minute fractions of a meter.The height of a crest or the depth of a trough is called the amplitude.The greater the amplitude of the wave, the greater its energy.As the energy decreases, the amplitude grows less and less. 

Graphical Representation Wavelength and Direction of Light Wave

After the wave has gone through one crest and one trough it has travelled one wavelength.The wave has completed one cycle of its motion and is read to repeat itself.The number of cycles in one second is called the frequency of the wave.

Waves move at tremendous speed.The speed is always the same in one particular medium such as air,but decreases when waves enter denser material,such as glass or water.This change in speed causes refraction of the light beam producing an increase in wavelength.The speed of a light wave in any medium equals its wavelength multiplied by its frequency . The greatest speed of light is in a vacuum,such as outer space .The speed in air is very close to this value.The maximum speed is equal to 300,000 Km per second .No object moving in a vacuum can travel faster than this speed.

Each light wave has its own wavelength and each of these wavelengths corresponds to a slightly different color.Red light has almost twice the wavelength of violet light .Yellow.green and blue light have wavelengths between these values.

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION:

Visible Light Spectrum

Light is not the only form of energy transmitted in waves , Radio waves, infrared and ultraviolet radiation,X-ray and gamma rays also travel as wave motions.All these waves move at the speed of light .However,the wave lengths (and hence frequencies) are very different. It is the different wavelengths that give each type of radiation its special properties.They are all examples of electromagnetic radiation, and they all travel as electromagnetic waves.

The chart showing the different electromagnetic radiations in order of increasing wavelength (or decreasing frequency) is called the electromagnetic spectrum.

Graphical Representation of Different wave length of Visible colored light

Wave lengths of Red light is almost twice that of blue light .The frequency is that the number of complete wave cycle in one second. As the wavelength increases the frequency decreases .Red light has almost twice the wavelength of blue light while its frequency is almost half that of blue light.

Graphical relation of light wave energy and amplitude

The amplitude or maximum height of  a crest or trough,remains the same if the wave`s energy stays the same .If the wave loses the energy , the amplitude decreases. The square of the amplitude (amplitude times amplitude)gives a measure of the energy.

Visible Light Spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum. Radio waves have much longer wavelengths than light waves which in turn have greater wavelengths than X-rays and gamma rays .We can only see a very narrow part of the spectrum.

X-Ray Page

X-RAYS:

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen : was a German physicist, who, on 8 November 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range today known as X-rays

                                                                  Animation Showing X-Ray Machine and its Inner Technology


Like light, X-rays also move as  waves, but the wavelength is very much smaller. Unlike light waves, they are invisible.The energy of X-rays is very high. They can travel a great distance inside an object and sometimes they are able to pass straight through it.

3D Picture of X-Ray Tube and it components

X-rays are produced in an X-ray tube when a narrow stream of electrons emitted from a heated cathode is strongly attracted towards the anode.The anode is at a very high voltage.This means that the electrons move very fast towards the anode and therefore have a large amount of energy.The anode contains a small disc of heavy metal such as Tungsten.When the electrons strike the tungsten atoms, They give up their energy to electrons in the atoms.To get rid of this excess energy , the atoms emit X-rays.

Full Picture of X-Ray Machine

Close View of X-ray machine and Tube

X-rays have various uses in medicine X-rays, like light, acn produce an image on photographic film .If a person stand between a low energy source of X-rays and a film , a photo of the bone structure is obtained .Broken or badly formed bones can be seen.

X-Ray Picture of Full Human Body

CT-SCANNER:

Picture of CT-Scanner

A more advanced type of X-ray machine is the computerized tomographic (CT) scanner. A CT scanner uses a computer to be produce highly detailed pictures of the inside of a patient`s body. The computer in a CT machine is fed data on how the different tissues in the body absorb X-rays.As a patient is scanned , the computer compares this data with the amount of radiation actually absorbed by the patient`s body.The computer is able to build up a very detailed picture of the tissues in the body.

To Produce a CT scan ,X-rays are only passed through a thin slice of the body at one time .This also helps produce a clearer picture .The X-ray tube travels around the patient`s body , making 1.5 million exposures as it travels. Sensitive  detectors also travel around the body opposite the X-ray tube.The detectors are linked to the computer which builds up the detailed picture on a television -like screen.Today`s scanners can examine slices of the body from 2 mm to 13 mm thick,as easily as if they were slices of bread.

NMR SCANNER:

Another type of body scanner is called an NMR scanner.This uses a process called nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to produce detailed pictures of the inside of a patient`s body.The patient  lies in a strong magnetic field produced by an electric current flowing in a superconducting coil.Radio signals are beamed into the area of the body being investigated .The nuclei or central parts, of the atoms of the body produced magnetic signals which are picked up by detectors. A computer is used to form a picture of the inside of the body from the magnetic signals.

Picture of MRI Scanner

X-rays are also used in scientific research to find out how atoms and molecules are arranged in crystals and how they are grouped together in some of then giant chemical compounds found in the body,such as DNA.This type of research is called x-ray crystallography.

3D Picture of Diode as Rectifier

Different Parts of Diode

                                                                                                 Animation on Diode
                                                                                  

The diode . An alternating voltage makes the anode positive and then negative in one cycle as current will only flow when the anode is positive , the negative half of the cycle is lost .Alternating current is thus changed to direct current .The diode therefore acts as a rectifier.

3D Picture of X-Ray Tube

Elementary 2D picture of X-Ray Tube

3-D diagram of an x-ray tube. The cathode is specially shaped so that a narrow beam of electrons is directed onto the tungsten disc in the anode .This produces a fairly narrow beam of X-rays which leaves the tube through a thin metal plate .The energy of the X-rays depends on the difference in voltage between anode and cathode.

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen : was a German physicist, who, on 8 November 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range today known as X-rays.

An X-ray photograph of a hand with a ring .Dentists take X-ray photos to check that your teeth are growing correctly and to see if you need any fillings. Only bones and show up on the negative of the film. The film is blackened by X-rays which are able to pass straight  through the skin and air . Bones and teeth absorb most of the X-rays and therefore appear whitish on the negative and dark on the print.

The chemical structure of cytochrome C. This is the giant molecule present in the cells of the body .Its complicated structure was unravelled by the use of X-rays. Each colored ball represent a different group of atoms .Knowing its structure helps scientist to learn about how it works.

Computer Generated 3D Model of Cytochrome C Through X-Ray Crystallography Technique

X-Ray Crystallography Technique require to create a  3d Model in computer of any complex protein structure

Asterix and Obelix : Two Ancient Indomitable Gauls with Childish Funny Simplicity

Asterix With Comics and his Creators (3D Picture Created by me (Manash Kundu))

Asterix:

Picture of Goscinny

Asterix or The Adventures of Asterix (French: Astérix or Astérix le Gaulois, IPAis a series of French comic books written by René Goscinny and illustrated by Albert Uderzo (Uderzo also took over the job of writing the series after the death of Goscinny in 1977). The series first appeared in French in the magazine Pilote on October 29, 1959. As of 2009, 34 comic books in the series have been released.

Picture of Uderzo

The series follows the exploits of a village of indomitable Gauls as they resist Roman occupation. They do so by means of a magic potion, brewed by their druid, which gives the recipient superhuman strength. 

Asterix Village and Comics Characters

The protagonist, the titular character Asterix, along with his friend Obelix have various adventures. The "ix" suffix of both names echoes the name of Vercingetorix, a historical Gaul chieftain. In many cases, the stories have them travel to various countries around the world, though other books are set in and around their village. For much of the history of the series (Volumes 4 through 29), settings in Gaul and abroad alternated, with even-numbered volumes set abroad and odd-numbered volumes set in Gaul, mostly in the village.

Obelix with Mehnir and Asterix With Dog Dogmatix (3D Picture Created by me (Manash Kundu))

The Astérix comics take place in the year 50 BC. The Roman Empire has all but conquered continental Europe, except for a few pockets of resistance. One of those pockets of resistance is a small but plucky village in Armorica, Gaul (Brittany, pre-medieval France), which has held back the Romans thanks to a Super Strength-granting magic potion. The village happens to be the home of our hero, a small but plucky Gaul named Astérix. 

Asterix and Obelix

Along with his loveable lug partner, menhir (monolith) delivery-man Obélix (who fell into the cauldron of magic potion when he was a baby, which caused it to have a permanent effect on him), and the other inhabitants of the village (including Chief Vitalstatistix, Getafix the druid (the only person who knows how to make the potion), Fulliautomatix the blacksmith, and Cacofonix the tone-deaf bard), Astérix gets into all manner of adventures, which usually involve foiling the schemes of the Romans (and Caesar himself).

Asterix (3D Picture Created by me (Manash Kundu))

Occasionally, a small (and very persistent) band of pirates (a parody of another comic series, Barbe Rouge) makes a cameo appearance; their ship was scuttled by the potion-enhanced Gauls in an early story — since that initial appearance, they are usually seen either paddling frantically away from any Gauls they encounter, or coming across the Gaulish warriors during an incidental encounter and getting scuttled—again (or even scuttling their ship themselves to minimize damage).

Obelix With Mehnir (3D Picture Created by me (Manash Kundu))

Part of the appeal of the series is probably the variety of humor, which includes slapstick fight scenes, plenty of wordplay, thinly-veiled social commentary, and Iron Age and Roman antiquity versions of just about every European stereotype you can imagine.

The Asterix series is one of the most popular Franco-Belgian comics in the world, with the series being translated into over 100 languages, and it is popular in most European countries. Asterix is less well known in the United States and Japan.

Imaginery Picture of Asterix and Obelix Walking on Gaul Village front of Castle (3D Picture Created by me (Manash Kundu))

The success of the series has led to the adaptation of several books into 14 films: ten animated, and four with live actors. There have also been a number of games based on the characters, and a theme park near Paris, Parc Astérix, is themed around the series. To date, 325 million copies of 34 Asterix books have been sold worldwide, making co-creators René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo France's bestselling authors abroad.

Obelix with Mehnir and Asterix With Dog Dogmatix (3D Picture Created by me (Manash Kundu))

Asterix has become an institution in Europe, and a worldwide best seller. This heroic comic book character lives around 50 BC in a fictional Gaulish village in northwest Armorica. Together with his oversized, clumsy but good-hearted friend Obelix, he outwits Julius Caesar and his Roman Legions while preventing them from conquering their village. A recurring plot in most albums concerns the attempts by the Romans to steal the secret recipe of a potion that gives the drinker superhuman strength.

Main Characters:

Asterix (3D Picture Created by me (Manash Kundu))

Asterix with Cmics Books (3D Picture Created by me (Manash Kundu))

1) Asterix

Asterix is the main character. He is a brave, shrewd warrior of somewhat diminutive size, who eagerly volunteers for all perilous missions.

Obelix With Mehnir (3D Picture Created by me (Manash Kundu))

2) Obelix

Obelix is Asterix's closest friend and works as a menhir sculptor and delivery man. He is a tall, obese man with two notable attributes: his phenomenal strength and his voracious appetite for food. His strength results from having fallen into Getafix's magic potion cauldron as a boy. 

Obelix With Mehnir and Comics Books(3D Picture Created by me (Manash Kundu))

As a consequence, Getafix will not let him take additional potion for fear of side effects (for example, turning into stone, as shown in Asterix and Obelix all at Sea), something that Obelix finds immensely unfair. The only exception was in Asterix and Cleopatra when they were trapped in a pyramid. Obelix's size is often the brunt of many jokes. In Asterix and the Big Fight a druid mistakes Obelix for a patient with an eating disorder. At the end of the book, Obelix decides to go on a diet but quickly goes back to eating huge quantities of boar.

Getafix

3) Getafix

Getafix is the village druid. In appearance he is tall with a white beard, white robe, red cloak. He is usually seen in possession of a small golden sickle. While his age is never stated, in the story of Asterix's birth (in which all but the oldest villagers are seen as small children) he appears unchanged. In Asterix and the Big Fight the druid Psychoanalytix (who appears quite old) refers to him as his elder and teacher. In Asterix and Obelix's Birthday: The Golden Book, as a gag, Getafix at age 50 appears to be frail and old while in the other books he appeared healthy. In Asterix and the Goths while on the annual conference to show his potion he said. I need a frail druid and that druid appeared to have a walking stick which Getafix did not need despite his long beard.

Although known for his strength-enhancing magic potion, he has many other magical and medicinal potions at his disposal — including a potion to make hair grow quickly, a potion to cure a man who has been poisoned with a drug that would kill him in a matter of days, and a potion that restores a person to full health after injury (although this potion also causes the person who takes it to lose their recent memories while also interacting badly with the magic potion) — and acts as the village doctor and occasional teacher. Asterix (and most other villagers) will consult him whenever anything strange occurs

Asterix with Dogmatix (Obelix`s Pet Dog) (3D Picture Created by me (Manash Kundu))

4) Dogmatix

Dogmatix is Obelix's pet dog. Unlike his immense master, Dogmatix is very tiny, but he can have a nasty temper. Dogmatix loves nature and hates to see trees suffer. (Obelix once mentions that this is because Dogmatix likes to urinate on them.) Dogmatix met Asterix and Obelix in Lutetia (in Asterix and the Banquet) and followed them all the way around Gaul until Obelix finally noticed him. Since then, Obelix has become very affectionate toward Dogmatix. In Asterix and the Chieftain's Shield, Obelix gets mad at hungry people who try to take Dogmatix's bone and insists they will be punished if they try to take advantage of his dog. Dogmatix is relatively intelligent, but is useless when it comes to sniffing out a trail. When given a trail to follow, he will follow the scent to menhirs.[1] In Asterix and the Black Gold, the trio are wandering in the desert when Dogmatix starts to dig. Asterix and Obelix hope he has found water but Dogmatix actually discovers oil. While this does not solve the trio's problem of thirst, it does complete their original mission to find oil.

Vitalstatistix

5)Vitalstatistix

Chief Vitalstatistix is the leader of the Gaulish village. He is a middle-aged, overweight man with red hair, pigtails and a huge moustache. He is generally reasonable, well-informed, fearless, (comparatively) even-tempered and unambitious — the last much to the chagrin of his wife Impedimenta. His major failings are his love of good food and drink (it is unlikely to be a coincidence that his wife is the best cook in the village) — which has led to health problems — and his pride. As a Gaulish chief he prefers to travel on a shield, carried by two shield bearers (they say pride comes before a fall... and he finds creative new ways to fall off 

Cacofonix

6) Cacofonix

Cacofonix is the village bard. He is usually only a supporting character, but has a major part in the plots of some albums (see Asterix and the Normans, Asterix the Gladiator, Asterix and the Magic Carpet and Asterix and the Secret Weapon). He loves singing and playing his lyre, and jumps at every opportunity to do so. He also plays the bagpipes, drum and a Celtic trumpet resembling a boar called a Carnyx. While he can accompany traditional dances, and conducts a village band, his singing is unbearable. In Asterix and the Normans it is so unbearable that it teaches the fearless Normans the meaning of fear. In recent albums his music is so spectacularly horrible that it actually starts thunderstorms (even indoors), because of an old French saying that bad singing causes rain.

Some of Popular Asterix Comics Book:

Asterix the Gaul (1961)

   

   1. Asterix the Gaul (1961)

Asterix and the Golden Sickle (1962)

   

   2. Asterix and the Golden Sickle (1962)

Asterix and the Goths (1963)

    3. Asterix and the Goths (1963)

Asterix the Gladiator (1964)

    4. Asterix the Gladiator (1964)

Asterix and the Banquet (1965)

    5. Asterix and the Banquet (1965)

Asterix and Cleopatra (1965)

    6. Asterix and Cleopatra (1965)

    7. Asterix and the Big Fight (1966)

Asterix in Britain (1966)

    8. Asterix in Britain (1966)

Asterix and the Normans (1966)

    9. Asterix and the Normans (1966)

Asterix the Legionary (1967)

    10. Asterix the Legionary (1967)

Asterix and the Chieftain's Shield (1968)

    11. Asterix and the Chieftain's Shield (1968)

Asterix at the Olympic Games (1968)

    12. Asterix at the Olympic Games (1968)

Asterix Movies:

Asterix & Obelix Movie: Mission Cleopatre

1) Asterix & Obelix: Mission Cleopatra, originally titled Astérix & Obélix: Mission Cléopâtre, is a 2002 French film based on the comic book Astérix et Cléopatre by René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo and a sequel for the 1999 movie Asterix & Obelix Take On Caesar. It was the most expensive French movie at that time. It is the second adaption of Asterix and Cleopatra, following the 1968 animated movie.

The film was directed by Alain Chabat and starred Gérard Depardieu, Christian Clavier and Monica Bellucci. It was co-produced by French companies Katharina / Renn Productions, TF1 Film Productions and German companies KC Medien and CP Medien AG. It sold 14,557,020 tickets in France.

Asterix & Obelix Movie:Take On Caesar

2) Asterix & Obelix Take On Caesar (French: Astérix & Obélix contre César, Asterix & Obelix vs. Caesar in some regions) is a 1999 feature film directed by Claude Zidi, the first of what went on to become a series of live-action films based on Goscinny and Uderzo's Astérix comics. The film combines elements of the plots of several Astérix stories, most from Asterix the Gaul (Getafix's abduction), Asterix and the Soothsayer, Asterix and the Goths (the Druid conference), Asterix the Legionary (Obelix becoming smitten with Panacea) and Asterix the Gladiator (the characters fighting in the circus) but jokes and references from many other albums abound, including a humorous exchange between Caesar and Brutus taken from Asterix and Cleopatra, and the villain Lucius Detritus is based on Tullius Detritus, the main antagonist of Asterix and the Roman Agent (known as Tortuous Convolvulus in the English translation of the comic).

Asterix at the Olympic Games

3)Asterix at the Olympic Games (French: Astérix aux Jeux Olympiques) is a French film, adapted from René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo's Astérix comic series. It was filmed essentially in Spain in the course of the year 2006. Its €78 million budget makes it one of the most expensive European films ever. The film has been poorly received by critics, but performed well at several European box offices, topping charts in Poland, Spain and France.In May 2008 it received the "Gérard du cinéma" (French equivalent of the Razzie Awards) for "Worst French film made in 2007."

Asterix and Obelix on My Facebook Group COFFEE-HOUSE-ADDA

Asterix and Obelix

     
Imaginative Animation Showing Asterix and Obelix Walking on Gaul Village front of Castle