Periodic table: Pictorial Journey with Elements of Periodic Table

Periodic Table With Elements Pictures

Periodic table:  
Is a tabular display of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their properties. Elements are presented in increasing atomic number. While rectangular in general outline, gaps are included in the rows or periods to keep elements with similar properties together, such as the halogens and the noble gases, in columns or groups, forming distinct rectangular areas or blocks. Because the periodic table accurately predicts the properties of various elements and the relations between properties, its use is widespread within chemistry, providing a useful framework for analysing chemical behavior, as well as in other sciences.
Although precursors exist, the current table is generally credited to Dmitri Mendeleev, who developed it in 1869 to illustrate periodic trends in the properties of the then-known elements; the layout has been refined and extended as new elements have been discovered and new theoretical models developed to explain chemical behavior. Mendeleev's presentation also predicted some properties of then-unknown elements expected to fill gaps in his arrangement; these predictions were proved correct when those elements were discovered and found to have properties close to the predictions.




The Modern table is generally credited to Dmitri Mendeleev, who developed it in 1869 to illustrate periodic trends in the properties of the then-known elements; the layout has been refined and extended as new elements have been discovered and new theoretical models developed to explain chemical behavior. Mendeleev's presentation also predicted some properties of then-unknown elements expected to fill gaps in his arrangement; these predictions were proved correct when those elements were discovered and found to have properties close to the predictions.

Dmitri Mendeleev revolutionized our understanding of the properties of atoms and created a table that probably embellishes every chemistry classroom in the world.

Mendeleev's table:
Mendeleev's 1869 periodic table; note that his arrangement presents the periods vertically, and the groups horizontally.Russian chemistry professor Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev and German chemist Julius Lothar Meyer independently published their periodic tables in 1869 and 1870, respectively. They both constructed their tables in a similar manner: By listing the elements in a row or column in order of atomic weight and starting a new row or column when the characteristics of the elements began to repeat. The success of Mendeleev's table came from two decisions he made: The first was to leave gaps in the table when it seemed that the corresponding element had not yet been discovered.Mendeleev was not the first chemist to do so, but he was the first to be recognized as using the trends in his periodic table to predict the properties of those missing elements, such as gallium and germanium. The second decision was to occasionally ignore the order suggested by the atomic weights and switch adjacent elements, such as cobalt and nickel, to better classify them into chemical families. With the development of theories of atomic structure, it became apparent that Mendeleev had listed the elements in order of increasing atomic number.

General properties Elements in Periodic Table:
Although Mendeleev had made a crucial breakthrough, he made little further progress. With the benefit of hindsight, we know that Mendeleev's periodic table was underpinned by false reasoning. Mendeleev believed, incorrectly, that chemical properties were determined by atomic weight. Of course, this was perfectly reasonable when we consider scientific knowledge in 1869.

In 1869 the electron itself had not been discovered - that happened 27 years later, in 1896. In fact, it took 44 years for the correct explanation of the regular patterns in Mendeleev's periodic table to be found.

The explanation came in 1913 from Henry Moseley, who fired electrons at atoms, resulting in the emission of x-rays. Moseley found that each element he studied emitted x-rays at a unique frequency.

English physicist Henry Moseley, who arranged the Periodic Table

Moseley's Periodic Law

When he looked at the frequencies emitted by a series of elements, he found a pattern that was best explained if the positive charge in the nucleus increased by exactly one unit from element to element.

In other words, Moseley had found that elements are different from one another because their atoms have different numbers of protons. He discovered that elements' positions in the periodic table are better predicted by their atomic numbers than their atomic weights. (An element's atomic number is equal to the number of protons, and hence electrons, in one of its atoms.)

Moseley's discovery cleared up the cobalt-nickel and argon-potassium problems.

Considering the argon-potassium problem, it was known that argon has a higher atomic weight than potassium. According to Mendeleev's reasoning, argon should therefore be placed after potassium in the periodic table. But, doing this made no sense in terms of chemical properties.
39.1
K
~ ~
39.9
Ar
~ ~
40.1
Ca
Moseley's work showed that argon's atomic number is 18 and potassium's is 19. Therefore argon should be placed before potassium in a periodic table based on atomic numbers. Chemists around the world breathed a collective sigh of relief, because this agreed with the observed chemical properties of these elements.
18
Ar
~ ~
19
K
~ ~
20
Ca
Moseley also emulated Mendeleev's achievement of discovering new elements on paper, finding four atomic numbers with no matching elements. He predicted the existence of elements with atomic numbers 43, 61, 72, and 75. These elements were indeed discovered; we now call them technetium, promethium, hafnium and rhenium.

1) We also now know that an element's chemistry is determined by the way its electrons are arranged - its electron configuration.
                          Electrons in atoms can be pictured as occupying layers or shells surrounding the atomic nucleus. This is shown in the diagram of a lithium atom on the left side of this page. We picture electrons as little planets whizzing around a sun-like nucleus, which is where the protons and neutrons are located. This is called a Bohr representation of an atom. This is actually an approximation, but it's a good starting point for understanding the chemical properties of the elements.

2) If we exclude the transition metal elements, we can say that atoms which occupy the same group of the periodic table have the same number of outer electrons. For example, all of the elements in Group 2, shown left, have two outer electrons. These outer electrons are called valence electrons. It is the valence electrons which cause chemical reactivity.

3) All of the elements in Group 1 have one valence electron; Group 2, two valence electrons; Group 13, three valence electrons; Group 14, four valence electrons; Group 15, five valence electrons; Group 16, six valence electrons; Group 17, seven valence electrons; and Group 18, eight valence electrons, except for helium, which has two.

4) Group 18 is the noble gas group, a group of unreactive elements. The reluctance of the noble gases to react chemically is the key that unlocks our understanding of why other elements do react. Unreactive Species: If an atom has the electron configuration of a noble gas it will be chemically unreactive, or only react with difficulty. Reactive Species: If an atom does not have the same electron configuration as a noble gas, it will tend to react in order to achieve this.
             The noble gases are unreactive, because their outer electron shells are full. A full shell of outer electrons is a particularly stable arrangement. This means that noble gas atoms neither gain nor lose electrons easily; they react with other atoms with great difficulty, or not at all. Other atoms lose electrons, gain electrons or share electrons to achieve the same electron configuration as a noble gas - in doing so, they form chemical bonds, and make new substances.

A Sodium Atom Reacts with a Chlorine Atom to Make Sodium Chloride .All ions are either positively or negatively charged. Since our sodium atom has lost a negatively charged electron, it becomes a positively charged sodium ion: Na+. This sodium ion, with one electron fewer than the sodium atom, has the same electron configuration as the noble gas neon and is chemically stable.
          The chlorine atom, which starts with seven valence electrons, gains a single electron and becomes a negatively charged chlorine ion: Cl-. This ion has the same electron configuration as the noble gas argon, and therefore this ion is chemically stable too.The positively charged sodium ion and negatively charged chlorine ion attract one another electrostatically, forming a stable chemical compound, sodium chloride. These electrostatic bonds are called ionic bonds.
For the transition metals the situation is a little more complicated than those described above, because electrons from the lower shells in transition metal atoms can become valence electrons. This is why, for example, we can get different types of copper ions, Cu+ and Cu2+, and iron ions, Fe2+ and Fe3+.

The number of valence electrons in atoms is the basis of the regular patterns observed by Mendeleev in 1869, patterns which ultimately have given us our modern periodic table.

Some Important Characteristics Periodic Table

PHOTOSYNTHESIS : Most Important Oxygen Producing Reaction of Earth.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
is a chemical process that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, especially sugars, using the energy from sunlight. Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, and many species of bacteria, but not in archaea. Photosynthetic organisms are called photoautotrophs, since they can create their own food. In plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water, releasing oxygen as a waste product. Photosynthesis is vital for all aerobic life on Earth. In addition to maintaining normal levels of oxygen in the atmosphere, photosynthesis is the source of energy for nearly all life on earth, either directly, through primary production, or indirectly, as the ultimate source of the energy in their food, the exceptions being chemoautotrophs that live in rocks or around deep sea hydrothermal vents. The rate of energy capture by photosynthesis is immense, approximately 100 terawatts, which is about six times larger than the power consumption of human civilization.As well as energy, photosynthesis is also the source of the carbon in all the organic compounds within organisms' bodies. In all, photosynthetic organisms convert around 100–115  petagrams of carbon into biomass per year.

  

Overall Reaction of Photosynthesis

Overall 3D structure of Plants important during Photosynthesis

3D -Microscopic Structure of Leaf

Microscopic Picture of Leaf and its different Structure

Microscopic picture of Leaf

   

CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION:
The light dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place at specialised cell membranes,such as Thylakoid membrane
inside chloroplasts.That membrane is folded into the system pf stacked disks, called grana, and flatten channels.The interior spaces of the disks achannels are open to one another, so the membrane system actually forms a single compartment.The compartment is a reservoir for hydrogen ions, and it is tapped for ATP formation.The synthesis of
phosphorylated sugars and starch occurs in the stroma, a semifluid matrix that surrounds the thylakoid compartment.
       The internal organisation of a chloroplast might seem to be less than memorable, until you remember that we are taking about a very small space. If you clould lined up 2000 chloroplasts, one after another, the lineup would be no wider than your thumbnail.Imagine all the chloroplasts in one lettuce leaf, each a tiny factory of producing sugars and starch
and you begin to get a sense of the magnitude of metabolic events required to feed you and all other organism on earth.
 
Chloroplast ultrastructure:
1. outer membrane   2. intermembrane space  3. inner membrane (1+2+3: envelope) 4. stroma (aqueous fluid) 5. thylakoid lumen (inside of thylakoid) 6. thylakoid membrane 7. granum (stack of thylakoids) 8. thylakoid (lamella) 9. starch 10. ribosome 11. plastidial DNA
12. plastoglobule (drop of lipids)




1) LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS IN PHOTOSYSNTHESIS:
A) Light Absorption:
1) In chloroplasts, light is absorbed by two types of photosystems (clusters of photosynthetic pigments embedded in the  
    thylakoid membrane).

2) Light absorption causes the transfer of electrons from photosystem 1 or 2 to an acceptor molecule,which will donate them toa transport system in the membrane.

B) Noncyclic pathway:
1) Exiting land plants rely mainly on noncyclic photophosphorylation,which yields ATP and NADPH.

2) In the non cyclic patheway, there is a one-way flow of electrons from photosystem 2 , through a trasport system, to
    photosystem 1, and on through a second trasport system.Electrons released from water molecules replace the electrons
    being expelled from photosystem 2.

3) During electron transfers, hydrogen ions picked up from the stroma are released inside the thylakoid compartment.
    Hydrogen ions derived from water molecules also accumulate here.Both activities establish concentration and electric
    gradients across the membrane.

4) Hydrogen ions flow down the gradients (through channel proteins that span the membrane), and the flow drives the
    joining of inorganic phosphate  and ADP to from ATP.

5) At the end of the second transport system,electrons are donated NADP+, which combines the H+ to form NADPH. The
    Electrons and hydrogen can be used directly in assembling organic compounds.

C) Cyclic pathway:
1) In cyclic photophosphorylation, excited electrons flow from photosystem 1, through a transport system, then back to
     photosystem. This pathway yields ATP only.

2) Operation of electron transport systems causes hydrogen ions to accumulate inside the thylakoid compartment.

3) Energy inherent in the resulting concentration and electric gradients between the compartment and the stroma is
    tapped to from ATP, just like it is in the non-cyclic pathway.



LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION:
    
          Sunlight
      12 H2O -----------> ELECTRON & HYDROGEN IONS ------------> USED IN FORMING -------------> 18 ATP, 12 NADPH, 12H+
                   6 O2
                 (Oxygen as
                  by product)

2) LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS:



1) Carbon-di-oxide is fixed  to RuBP, making an unstable intemediate that is broken apart into two three carbon PGA
    molecules.

2) PGA is Phosphorylated (made more reactive) by ATP,and it receives H+ and electrons from NADPH.The result is
    PGAL.

3) Through complex reactions, PGAL is rearranged into new RuBP molecules and into sugar phosphate.

4) It takes 6 turns of the Calvin-Benson cycle to produce one sugar phosphate(Only one very six PGAL molecules produced
    in the cycle is funneled into carbohydrate synthesis).

5) The suger phosphates are intemediates in the light-indipendent reactions; they can enter pathways by which many
    different carbohydrate end products form.
    
    LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION:
                                                          6CO2
    18 ATP, 12 NADPH + 12H+  ----------------------------------> C6H12O6 ---> P-----> Typical sugar phosphate------>Carbohydrate
                                                          6H2O                                                                                              end product
                                                       (Water as                                                                                          (Sucrose,starch)
                                                        by-product)

3D- Animation of Photosynthesis Process: 

                                                                                    

Surya Sen (Master Da) :Our Great Forgotten Hero of Indian Freedom Struggle "Mastar Da Surya Sen"

Post in My Group and Page COFFEE-HOUSE-ADDA

Surjya Sen ( Bengali  Freedom Fighter March 22, 1894 – January 12, 1934) : was a prominent Bengali freedom fighter, an Indian independence activist and the chief architect of anti-British freedom movement active centered in Chittagong, Bengal (now in Bangladesh). He was born on 22 March 1894 in Chittagong. He led a nationwide non-cooperation movement as a revolutionary. He was hanged on 12 January 1934 by the British rulers following the arrest in February 1933. The Government of India released a commemorative stamp on him in 1977. Bangladesh issued a commemorative stamp on him in 1999.

Master Da Surya Sen

Our Great Forgotten Freedom Fighter Master da Surya Sen

Surya Sen led the revolutionary movement in Chittagong (now in Bangladesh) where his views attracted several follow ers. He wanted to free Chittagong from the hold of the British and to establish an independent government. For the purpose, he set up several organisations, including the revolutionary Chittagong Republican Army.

Surya Sen was involved in the Assam-Bengal Railway dacoity aimed at raising funds for arms and ammunition. He was also suspected of setting up the Dakshineswar factory for producing bombs and was jailed from 1926 to 1928 for revolutionary activities. He decided to organise an armed rebellion to show that it was possible to challenge the might of the British Empire.

Scene From Movie "Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Se" Depicting Surya Sen (Avishek ) with his followers(Band of revolutionary youth Ganesh Ghosh and Lokenath Baul etc)

Surya Sen soon gathered around himself a large band of revolutionary youth including Anant Singh, Ganesh Ghosh and Lokenath Baul. They decided to organize a rebellion, on however small scale, to demonstrate that it was possible to challenge the armed might of the British in India. Their action plan was to include occupation of the two main armories in Chittagong and seizing of their arms with which a large band of revolutionaries could be formed into an armed detachment; the destruction of the telephone and telegraph system of the city; and the dislocation of the railway communication system between Chittagong and the rest of Bengal. The action was carefully planned and put into execution at 10 o'clock on the night of 18 April 1930.

Scene From Movie "Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Se" depicting the planning  and arm practise of Surya Sen`s Followers in the Jungle  aganist British army

Chittagong armoury raid:
On April 18, 1930, the Republican Army carried out a raid on two government armouries and completely brought to a halt telephone, tele graph and railway services. The Army seized power of Chittagong and declared the establishment of a National Revolutionary Government. Surya Sen then issued a manifes to in the name of Indian Republican Army and called on all Indians to revolt against the British in a similar way.

Scene of Chittagong armoury raid By Mastar da Surya Sen  Very Truthfully Depicted in the Movie(Directed by Ashutosh Gowariker ) named “Khele Hum Jee Jaan Se” where Avishek  Played the role of Great Surya Sen.

The plan was put into action at 10 o'clock on April 18, 1930. The police armoury was captured by a group of revolutionaries led by Ganesh Ghosh, while another group of ten men led by Lokenath Bal took the Auxiliary Forces armoury. However, they could not locate ammunition. Revolutionaries also succeeded in cutting telephone and telegraph wires and disrupting the movement of the trains. Some sixty-five revolutionaries took part in the raid, which was undertaken in the name of the Indian Republican Army, Chittagong Branch. After the raids, the revolutionary groups gathered outside the police armoury where Surjiya Sen took a military salute, hoisted the National Flag and proclaimed a Provisional Revolutionary Government.

It was not possible for the band of revolutionaries to put up a fight in the town against the army which was expected. They, therefore, left Chittagong town before dawn and marched towards the Chittagong hill ranges, looking for a safe place. It was on the Jalalabad Hill that a thousand troops surrounded them on the afternoon of 22 April. After a fierce fight, in which over eighty British troops and twelve revolutionaries died, Surya Sen decided to disperse to the neighbouring village there they formed into small groups and conducted raids on Government personnel and property. Despite several repressive measures and operations by the authorities, the villagers, gave them food and shelter to the revolutionary outlaws and enabled them to survive for three years. Surya Sen was fmally arrested on 16 February 1933, tried and hanged on 12th January 1934.

Place In Modern Bangladesh Where great Surya Sen Was Hanged

A remarkable aspect of this new phase of the Freedom movement in Bengal : was the large scale participation of young women under Surya Sen's leadership, they provided shelters, acted as messangers and custodians of arms and fought guns in hand. Preetilata Waddekar died while conducting a raid, while Kalpana Dutt (now Joshi) was arrested and tried along with Surya Sen and given a life sentence. In December 1931, two school girls Commilla, Shanti Ghosh and Suneeti Chaudhary, shot dead the district magistrates. In December 1932, Beena Das fired point blank at the Governor while receiving her degree at the convocation.

Preetilata Waddekar

Kalpana Dutt

Soumitra Chatterjee : One of The Finest Bengali Actor Of India.

Soumitra Chatterjee or Soumitra Chattopadhyay (Born 19 January 1935) 
Is an iconic Bengali actor from India, known among other things for his frequent collaborations with the great Bengali film director Satyajit Ray .

Work with Satyajit Ray
Soumitra's film debut came in 1959 in Satyajit Ray's Apur Sansar. As noted on the official website for Ray, "At that time, Soumitra Chatterjee was a radio announcer and had only played a small role in a Bengali stage production." Soumitra would eventually collaborate with Ray on fourteen films. His centrality to Ray's work is akin to other key collaborations in the history of cinema — Mifune and Kurosawa, Mastroianni and Fellini, De Niro and Scorsese, DiCaprio and Scorsese, Max von Sydow and Ingmar Bergman, Jerzy Stuhr and Kieślowski. He also worked with Sharmila Tagore in a number of Ray films.

Soumitra Chatterjee With Sharmila Tagore in Saytajit Ray `s Film "Apur Shansar"

Saumitra Chatterjee is one of the most talented actor and probably the most acknowledged one internationally from Bengal. The later is due to his appearance in many of Satyajit Ray's movies. He is to the films of Satyajit Ray what Toshiro Mifune was to the films of Akira Kurosawa or Marcello Mastroianni to Federico Fellini. Saumitra appeared in 15 of the 34 films made by Ray.

Soumitra Chatterjee as Apu

Born in 1935, Saumitra graduated from Calcutta University with honors in literature. First appeared in film in 1959; it was Apu-r Sansar (The World of Apu), the final film of Satyajit Ray's 'Apu Trilogy'. Saumitra acted in the role of a young man 'Apu' who experiences the turmoil of life. His work in this film gave him a distinct place in the heart of cinema lovers. This place was evenly firmed when he portrayed the ever popular character of Feluda in Ray's thriller Sonar Kella in the mid seventies. Ray made three films based on the works of Tagore and incidentally Saumitra acted in all of them - Charulata, Samapti (in Teen Kanya) and Ghare Baire.

Soumitra Chatterjee as Feluda with His assistant Topse and Lalmohon in Satyajit Ray`s Film "Sonar Kella"

Soumitra Chatterjee as Feluda in Satyajit Ray`s Film "Sonar Kella"

Other Activities of Soumitra Chatterjee:
Saumitra acted with other prominent film directors such as Mrinal Sen, Tapan Sinha. Saumitra displayed same level of excellence in regular commercial movies as well as in parallel film.
                Saumitra acts, writes and directs plays in Bengali theatre. He had the honor of sharing stage with legendary stage personalities like Sisir Kumar Bhaduri in the early days (role of Suresh in Prafulla) of his career. Saumitra reads and writes poetry and has a distinct place in the arena of Bengali poetry recitation. He also acts in television and in folk dramas (Jatra s).

Poem Recitation By Soumitra Chatterjee

Soumitra Chatterjee performing at Stage

 
              Saumitra received the 'The Officier des Arts et Metiers', the highest award for arts from France, lifetime achievement award from Italy. He is probably the only Indian actor to have a full-length documentary devoted to him by any Westerner - French director Catherine Berge made a documentary film titled 'Tree' on his life. He refused 'Padmasree' from India Govt. in the seventies. Recently he was awarded with 'Padma Bhusan' by President of India. But the best award for him is probably the love and the special place in the heart of film lovers. Our Whole generation grew up with his played Characters Like "APU" "FELUDA" .

Soumitra Chatterjee received a standing ovation at the staging of "Raja Lear" in Kolkata on Sunday. "As long as my body and mind permits, I will continue to perform this way," Chatterjee says..

Soumitra Chatterjee : Performing "Raja Lear " at stage

Soumitra Chatterjee : Raja Lear

 

Awards and recognitions:
A living legend on his own terms, Soumitra has received the 'Officier des Arts et Metiers', the highest award for arts given by the French government, and a lifetime achievement award from Italy. He turned down the honorary Padma Shri award from the Indian government in the 1970s; in 2004, he accepted the prestigious Padma Bhushan award from the President of India. He has been the subject of a full-length documentary named Gaach by French director Catherine Berge.
In a gesture of protest against the National Film Awards committee's bias in awarding popular and mainstream cinema, he turned down the 2001 special jury award for best actor. However, on 9 June 2008, he was selected for the 2007 National Film Award for Best Actor by the Government of India. On 21 March 2012, he was selected by the Government of India for the Dadasaheb Phalke Award.

Our Thought have much higher speed than nutrino and light.

According to our ancient text like Vedas and Mahabharata human thought have much higher speed than light or neutrinos.The story within Mahabharata where God Yama asked Yudhistira (Eldest among Pandavas) a question about which is faster than  light? Yudhistira answered human mind and its thought. 

                                     According to the modern spiritual science and quantum physics (Ref Book: The Intention Experiment by Lynne Mc Taggart) suggests that human thoughts and intentions are an actual physical "something" with very negligible amount of weight and energy. When large amount of people altogether pray for one particular things or people, their combined thought process can  influence other things. In ancient time therefore Indian sages continue their meditation or pray year after year to achieve the ultimate nirvana.

                                      After Einstein world thought that speed of light is the highest among living Universe. Now people may know that speed of neutrinos  is highest among living universe. One day modern scientific world may agree with the power and speed of thought and mind is the highest than any matter in the universe. 

                                       Indian  Ancient Vedic  sages know this ultimate truth thousands of years ago. Even Scientist Openheimer (One of the American inventor of atomic bomb,also scholar of ancient Sanskrit language of India) realises that atomic bomb only the reinvention of bomb which is already known by the  soldiers of ancient Mahabharata.

                                          One day Scientific World will Bow down to the Knowledge and philosophy of Indian ancient Vedas. and Gita.

This book seeks to answer the most fundamental question left open by The Field: if we are connected, can our thoughts and intentions affect and change the world and things ‘out there’? To find out, Lynne again carried out exhaustive investigations, including interviews with numerous physicists, and has collated the most impressive data yet on intention, or the power of thought. Not only does she provide compelling evidence for intention, she also explains the very best techniques for achieving success with your intentions – and she invites the reader to participate in a series of web-based intention experiments that have now become the largest mind-over-matter studies ever undertaken.

E=MC2

Cosmos --> Universe --> Galaxy --> Earth --> Individuals --> Organ Systems --> Cells --> Molecules --> Atoms --> Subatomic Particles = Energy

"Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind."

- Albert Einstein

"All matter originates and exists only by virtue of a force... We must assume behind this force the existence of a conscious and intelligent Mind. This Mind is the matrix of all matter." - Max Planck

Deogarh. Here you see the five Pandava princes- heroes of the epic Mahabharata - with their shared wife-in-common named Draupadi (although some had their own wives too). Vishnu, incarnated as Krishna , was advisor and their charioteer in battle. The central figure is Yudhishthira ; the two to his left are Bhima and Arjuna . Nakula and Sahadeva , the twins, are to his right. Their wife, at far right, is Draupadi . These heroes are themselves incarnations: Yudhishthira manifests Dharma, the Sacred Order of Life. Bhima represents the Wind God, Vayu. Arjuna is Indra. Nakula and Sahadeva incarnate the twin “Horseman Gods” (The Greek Dioscuri). Draupadi is Indrani , the queen of the gods and wife of Indra- a very old Vedic (Pre-Hindu) god.

Julius Robert Oppenheimer (April 22, 1904 – February 18, 1967) was an American theoretical physicist and professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley. Along with Enrico Fermi, he is often called the "father of the atomic bomb" for his role in the Manhattan Project, the World War II project that developed the first nuclear weapons.[4] The first atomic bomb was detonated on July 16, 1945 in the Trinity test in New Mexico; Oppenheimer remarked later that it brought to mind words from the Bhagavad Gita: "Now, I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds

Jagadish Chandra Bose : Scientist Ahead of Time and With Soul of a Sage.

Jagadish Chandra Bose With his invented Radio-Related Machine

Acharya Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose, 


(Bengali : 30 November 1858 – 23 November 1937) was a Bengali polymath: a physicist, biologist, botanist, archaeologist, as well as an early writer of science fiction. He pioneered the investigation of radio and microwave optics, made very significant contributions to plant science, and laid the foundations of experimental science in the Indian subcontinent. named him one of the fathers of radio science. He is also considered the father of Bengali science fiction. He was the first person from the Indian subcontinent to receive a US patent, in 1904.

Bose In our COFFEE-HOUSE-ADDA group and page

Born during the British Raj, Bose graduated from St. Xavier's College, Calcutta. He then went to the University of London to study medicine, but could not pursue studies in medicine due to health problems. Instead, he conducted his research with the Nobel Laureate Lord Rayleigh at Cambridge and returned to India. He then joined the Presidency College of University of Calcutta as a Professor of Physics.

 Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose with his Bright students as Professor of Physics at Presidency Collage Calcutta

There, despite racial discrimination and a lack of funding and equipment, Bose carried on his scientific research. He made remarkable progress in his research of remote wireless signaling and was the first to use semiconductor junctions to detect radio signals. However, instead of trying to gain commercial benefit from this invention Bose made his inventions public in order to allow others to further develop his research.
Bose subsequently made a number of pioneering discoveries in plant physiology. He used his own invention, the crescograph, to measure plant response to various stimuli, and thereby scientifically proved parallelism between animal and plant tissues. Although Bose filed for a patent for one of his inventions due to peer pressure, his reluctance to any form of patenting was well known.

Bose`s Study On Plants and Metal:


Jagdish Chandra Bose later switched from physics to the study of metals and then plants. He fabricated a highly sensitive "coherer", the device that detects radio waves. He found that the sensitivity of the coherer decreased when it was used continuously for a long period and it regained its sensitivity when he gave the device some rest. He thus concluded that metals have feelings and memory.
Jagdish Chandra Bose showed experimentally plants too have life. He invented an instrument to record the pulse of plants and connected it to a plant. The plant, with its roots, was carefully picked up and dipped up to its stem in a vessel containing bromide, a poison. The plant's pulse beat, which the instrument recorded as a steady to-and-fro movement like the pendulum of a clock, began to grow unsteady. Soon, the spot vibrated violently and then came to a sudden stop. The plant had died because of poison.
Although Jagdish Chandra Bose did invaluable work in Science, his work was recognized in the country only when the Western world recognized its importance. He founded the Bose Institute at Calcutta, devoted mainly to the study of plants. Today, the Institute carries research on other fields too.
He has been recognised for his many contributions to modern science.

Cell Suction Graph Machine invented by Bose

Bose`s study on Plants and his self invented Machines:


To study cell sap suction on diffrent plants he Invented a machine named Cell-Suction Graph of plants. From this machine reading he found the Cell sap suction rate differed with the 1) Change of Temperature 2) Change of state like after wound, storm etc.
To study  very sensative Leaf movement in plants during the Cell-Sap Suction he again Invented Electromagnetic Phytograph machine.

Electromagnetic Phytogram Machine

Invention of Radio By Jagadish Chandra Bose:



In November 1894, the Indian physicist, Jagadish Chandra Bose, demonstrated publicly the use of radio waves in Calcutta, but he was not interested in patenting his work.Bose ignited gunpowder and rang a bell at a distance using electromagnetic waves,proving that communication signals can be sent without using wires. He sent and received radio waves over distance but did not commercially exploit this achievement.
The 1895 public demonstration by Bose in Calcutta was before Marconi's wireless signalling experiment on Salisbury Plain in England in May 1897. Bose demonstrated the ability of the electric rays to travel from the lecture room, and through an intervening room and passage, to a third room 75 feet (23 m) distant from the radiator, thus passing through three solid walls on the way, as well as the body of the chairman (who happened to be the Lieutenant-Governor). The receiver at this distance still had energy enough to make a contact which set a bell ringing, discharged a pistol, and exploded a miniature mine. To get this result from his small radiator, Bose set up an apparatus which curiously anticipated the lofty 'antennae' of modern wireless telegraphy— a circular metal plate at the top of a pole, 20 feet (6.1 m) high, being put in connection with the radiator and a similar one with the receiving apparatus.

The form of 'Coherer' devised by Professor Bose, and described by him at the end of his paper 'On a new Electro Polariscope' allowed for the sensibility and range to appear to leave little to be desired at the time. In 1896, the Daily Chronicle of England reported on his UHF experiments: "The inventor (J.C. Bose) has transmitted signals to a distance of nearly a mile and herein lies the first and obvious and exceedingly valuable application of this new theoretical marvel."

After Bose's Friday Evening Discourses at the Royal Institution, The Electric Engineer expressed 'surprise that no secret was at any time made as to its construction, so that it has been open to all the world to adopt it for practical and possibly money-making purposes.' Bose was sometimes, and not unnaturally, criticised as unpractical for making no profit from his inventions.
In 1899, Bose announced the development of an "iron-mercury-iron coherer with telephone detector" in a paper presented at the Royal Society, London. Later he received U.S. Patent 755,840, "Detector for electrical disturbances" (1904), for a specific electromagnetic receiver. Bose would continue research and made other contributuions to the development of radio.

ELECTRONICS

ELECTRONICS:

Electronics is concerned with the movement with electrons.Circuits are complete pathway of electrons to travel along while they do useful works.This works ranges from lighting a torch bulb to running a huge computer .These pathways are connected to varous electrical components that each perform different functions .Its components include valves ,transistor,resistors ,capacitor and inductors.

 

DIODE VALVE:

The diode valve invented by Jonh Fleming in 1904. It consist of two electrodes , a cathode and an anode, in a sealed glass tube from which the air has been removed .It can convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) . When the cathode is heated ,electrons are emitted .These are attracted towards the posively charged anode .A current therefore flows through the valve ,but only in one direction- towards the positive anode.If the anode becomes negatively chraged, no current flows.

   

The triode valve has an anode , a cathode and and a third electrodes called the grid. The flow of electron from cathode to anode is effected by the charge on the grid . As the grid becomes more positive a greater number of electrons floe through it.The voltage on the grid therefore controls and can also increase (amplify) the currentflowing from cathode to anode.

during the middle of the 20 th century scientist found that the flow of electricity through certain solid materials called semiconductors could be controlled without using a vacuum.The solid material ,germanium or silicon.Is made very pure .Then carfully controlled amounts of Boron ,Arsenic, Phosphorous or Indium are added.The silicon is now doped.These

impurities alter the way that the current flows through the solid.

TRANSISTORS:

These solid devices called transistors quickly replaced valves in many circuits.Unlike valves they require no heaters,are small and need much less voltage to run them. Because they are so small they are put in containers to protect them .These containers are made of plastic or metal.

 

Gradually transistors were made smaller and cheaper .soon several were packaged together to amke a chip.

 

CHIPS:

The next development was to put a complete circuit on a chips. This is called an intigrated circuit. Intigrated circuit are light,long lasting cheap and reliable.

In order to make a chip , the circuit is first drawn on a very large scale with the help of computers it is then reduced and etched on to a slice of silicon .The chips are  then tested  this is done using very fine probes under a microscope. After testing the chips are put into their containers.

The chip is connected by wires of very thin gold or aluminium to pads around it .These pads are joined to the connectors or pins of the container. They are now readly for use.

Calculators were one of the first products to use silicon chips.Now intigrated circuits are used in numerous devices, including amny household appliances. 

Wire-wound resistors and the colour-code.A resistor controls the amount of current in a circuit.It is made of a material that slows down the flow of electrons.When you  turn down your radio you increase the resistance and the signal to the loudspeaker becomes weaker.

A coil or inductor consists of wire wrapped round a piece metal or non-metal. It produces electromagnetic inductance.It has many uses such as smoothing out the ripples of current from a diode valve that has changed alternating current (AC)

to direct current (DC).

A transistor consists of a sandwich of semiconductor material .There are two types of semiconductor. The n-type will produce a flow of electrons from negative to piositive. The p-type will produce a movement of gaps in the electron structure from posistive to negative . Transistors can have an n-type base with a p-type emitter and collector , vice-versa.

An integrated circuit .Transistor and other electrical components. can now be made extremely small. Thousands of components. Forming many hundreds of circuits. Can be permanently  fixed onto a tiny piece of a semiconductor material.This is called an integrated circuit.It is very light , long lasting and cheapand is therefore widely used.

 

Silicon chips are so tiny that several of them together are still smaller than a postage stamp.