My Unusual Experiment with Mobile Phone`s Camera on My Micro Microscope

My Microscopic Slides Display In Animated Form

My Micro Microscope

My Unusual Experiment with Mobile Phone`s Camera on  My Micro Microscope

This Low Cost Beautiful Microscope Manufactured by  Micro Instruments. This Microscope is very low weight  handy can be carry anywhere. Battery Operated Internal Light installed therefore no external light Needed.This Microscope is suitable for any College Level Biology Students. Magnification as good as any other Normal Compound  Microscope.

My Micro Microscope

Specification of This Microscope is Given Below:

Model MM 02

Magnification : 100x, 450x (Using 10x Eye Pc) : 150x, 675x (Using 15x Eye Pc.)

Use its own Light Source (Battery Operated)

Battery : 9V, 6F 22 - One Required

Completely New and Very Special objectives have been used, Patent Technology

Viewing Field Same as Compound Microscope.

Weight Less than 200gms.

Can Be used Day and Night
                             
I Have Taken those Pictures (Given Below) With My LG Mobile Phone having 2 Megapixel Camera On  My Micro Microscope. 

Bacteria-Coccus-Form Overall Distant View

1) Bacteria-Coccus-Form:

Bacteria-Coccus-Form Close View

2) Lung-Mammal:

Mammalian Lung Picture Taken By Me

 

3) Bone-Mammal:

Bone Picture Taken By Me

4) Small-Intestine-Mammal:

Mammalian Small Intestine Picture Taken By Me

 

Mammalian Small Intestine Picture From Internet

5) Kidney-Mammal:

Mammalian Kidney Picture taken By Me

Mammalian Kidney Picture from Internet

6) Heart- Mammal:

Mammalian Heart picture Taken By me

7) Pancreas:

Pancreas Picture Taken By Me

Pancreas Picture with its Parts From Internet

1 - acinus
2 - islet of Langerhans
3 - interlobular connective tissue septa
4 - intralobular duct
5 - interlobular duct





8) Blood-Human:

Human Blood Picture Taken By Me

9) Plant Cells:

Plant Cell Picture Taken By Me

10) Monocot- Leaf:

Monocot Leaf Picture Taken By Me

Monocot Leaf Picture with its Part from Internet

11) Monocot-Stem:

Monocot Stem Picture Taken By Me

Monocot Stem Picture with its Parts from Internet

12) Dicot- Leaf:

Dicot Leaf  close Picture taken by Me

Dicot Leaf  Overall Distant Picture taken by Me

Dicot Leaf  Overall Distant Picture with its parts from Internet

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM : Extra Drainage System of Our Body

Animated Lymphatic System

Human Lymphatic System With all Organs

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM:
All body tissue are bathed in tissue fluid,consisting of the diffusible constituents of blood and waste materials from cells.Some tissue fluid returns to the capillaries at their venous end and the remainder diffuses through the more permeable walls of the lymph capillaries,forming lymph. Lymph passes through vessels of increasing size and a varying number of lymph nodes before returning to the blood.The lymphatic system consists of:

Human Lymphatic System with all its Described parts

Lymph.
Lymph vessels.
lymph nodes.
Lymph organs e.g. spleen and thymus.
diffuse lymphoid tissue, e.g. tonsils.
Bone marrow.

Functions of lymphatic system:

Tissue drainage:  
Every day, around 21 liters of fluid from plasma carrying dissolved substances and some plasma protein, escape from the arterial end of the capillaries and into the tissues.Most of this fluid is returned directly to the bloodstream via the capillary at its venous end, but 3-4 lit of fluid are drained away by the lymphatic vessels. Without this the tissue is rapidly become waterlogged, and the cardiovascular system would begin to fail as the blood volume falls.

Absorption in the small intestine:            
Fat and the fat soluble materials. e.g. the fat soluble vitamins, are absorbed into the central lacteals (lymphatic vessels) of the villi.

Immunity:         
The lymphatic organs sre concerned with the production and maturation of lymphocytes the white blood cells responsible for immunity .The bone marrow is therefore considered to be      lymphatic tissue,since lymphocyte are produced there.


LARGER LYMPH VESSELS:
The walls of lymph vessels are about the same thickness as those of small veins and have the same layer of tissue,e.g. the fibrous covering, a middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic tissue and an inner lining of endothelium .Lymph vessels have numerous cup-shaped valve to ensure that lymph flows in the one way only i.e. toward the thorax.There is no pump like the heart, involved in the onward movement of lymph but the muscle layer in the walls of large lymph vessels has an intrinsic ability to contract rhythmically(The lymphatic pump).

In addition, any structure that periodically compresses the lymphatic vessels can assist in the movement of the lymph along the vessels,commonly including the contraction of adjacent muscles and the pusation of large arteries.
   
 Lymph vessels become larger as they join together,eventually forming two large ducts, the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct, which empty lymph into the subclavian veins.

Thoracic duct:
This duct begins at the cysterna chyli, which is a dilated lymph channel situated in front of the bodies of the first two lumbar vertebrae.The duct is about 40 cm long and opens into the left subclavian vein in the root of the neck.It drains lymph from both legs, the pelvic and abdominal cavities, the left half of the thorax, head and neck and the left arm.

Right lymphatic duct:
This is a dilated lymph vessel about 1 cm long.It lies in the root of the neck and opens into the right subclavian vein. It drains lymph from the right half of the thorax, head and neck and the right arm.

Lymph Nodes with all its Described Parts

LYMPH NODES:
Lymph nodes are oval or bean-shaped organs that lie, often in groups, along the length of lymph vessels.The lymph drains through a number of nodes, ususally    8 to 10, before returning to the venous circulation.These nodes vary considerably in size: some are as small as a pin head and the largest are about the size of an almond.

Another Picture of Lymph Node

Structure of lymph nodes:

Lymph node have outer capsule of fibrous tissue that dips down into the node substance forming partitions or trabeculae.The main substance of the node consists of reticular and lymphatic tissue containing many lymphocytes and macrophages.
    
As many as 4 or 5 afferent vessel carries lymph away from the node.Each node has a concave surface called the hillum where an artery enters and a vein and the efferent lymph vessel leave.
    
The large number of lymph nodes situated in strategic positions throughout the body are arranged in deep and superficial group.
    
Lymph from the head and neck passes through deep and superficial cervical nodes. Lymph from the upper limbs passes through nodes situated in the elbow region,then through the deep and superficial Axillary nodes.
   
Functions of lymph nodes:

1)Filtering and phagocytosis:
Lymph is filtered by the reticular and lymphoid tissue as it passes through lymph nodes.Particulate matter may include microbes, dead and live phagocytes containing ingested microbes, cells from malignant tumours, worn out and damage tissue cells and inhaled particles. Organic material is destroyed in lymph nodes by macrophages and antibodies. Some inorganic inhaled particles cannot be destroyed by phagocytosis.These remain inside the macrophages,either causing no damage or killing the cell.Material not filtered out and dealt with in one lymph node passes on to successive nodes and by the time lymph enters the blood it has usually been cleared of foreign matter and cell debris.

2) Proliferation of lymphocytes:
Activated B and T -lymphocytes multiply in lymph nodes. Antibodies produced by sensitised B-lymphocytes enter lymph and blood draining the node.

Spleen with all its described parts

SPLEEN:
The spleen contains reticular and lymphatic tissue and is the largest lymph organ. The spleen lies in the left hypochondriac region of the abdominal cavity between the fundus of the stomach and the diaphragm.It is purpish in colour and varies in size in different individuals,but is usually about 12 cm long, 7cm wide and 2.5 cm thick.It weight about 200 g.

Structure:
The spleen is slightly oval in shape with the hilum on the lower medial border.The anterior surface is covered with peritoneum.It is enclosed in a fibroelastic capsule that dips into the organ,forming trabeculae.The cellular material,consisting of lymphocytes and macrophages,is called splenic pulp, and lies between the trabeculae.Red pulp is the part suffused with blood and white pulp consists of areas of lymphatic tissue where there are sleeves of lymphocytes and macrophages around blood vessels. The structure entering and leaving the spleen at the hilum are:

Splenic artery, a branch of the coeliac artery.

Splenic vein, a branch of the portal artery.

Lymph vessels(efferent only).

Nerves.

Blood passing through the spleen flows in sinuses,which have distinct pores between the endothelial cells, allowing it to come into close association with splenic pulp.

Lymph Vessels

Functions:

Phagocytosis:
As described previously , old and abnormal erythrocytes are destroyed in the spleen,and the breakdown products bilirubin and iron are transported to the liver via the splenic and portal veins. Other cellular material, e.g. leukocytes,platelets and microbes is phagocytosed in the spleen.Unlike lymph nodes, the spleen has no afferent lymphatics entering it, so it is not exposed to diseases spread by lymph.

Storage of Blood:
The spleen contains up to 350 ml of blood, and in response to sympathetic stimulation can rapidly return most of thisvolume to the circulation,e.g. in haemorrhage.

Immune response:
The spleen contains T- and B-lymphocytes, which are activated by the presence of antigens,e.g. in infection.Lymphocyte proliferation during serious infection can cause enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly).

Erythropoiesis:
The spleen and liver are important sites of the fetal blood cell production, and the spleen acn also fulfil this function in adult in times of great need.

Thymus Gland with all its  Described Parts

THYMUS GLAND:
The thymus consists of two lobes joined by areolar tissue the lobes are enclosed by a fibrous capsule which dips into their substance,dividing them into lobules that consist of an irregular branching framework of epithelial cells and lymphocytes.

Function:
Lymphocytes originate from pluripotent stem cells in red bone marrow.Those that enter the thymus develop into activated T-lymphocytes.Thymic processing produces mature T-lymphocytes that can distinguished self tissue from foreign tissue,and also provide each T-lymphocyte with the ability to react to only one specific antigen from the millions it will encounter.T-lymphocytes then leave the thymus and enter the blood. Some enter lymphoid tissues and other circulate in the bloodstream.T-lymphocyte production,although most prolific in youth,probably continues throughout life from a resident population of thymic stem cells.The maturation of the thymus and other lymphoid tissue is stimulated by thymosin, a hormone secreted by the epithelial cells that form the framework of the thymus gland.Involution of the gland begins in adolescence and with increasing age,the effectiveness of the T-lymphocyte response to antigens declines.

All The 3D Pictures in This Post are created by Me (Manash Kundu)

        

Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre Kolkata, India : Activities , Particle Accelerator Machines History, Utilization of Cyclotron in different fields, Radioactive Ion Beams in Pictorial Slide Form.

Activities of VECC (Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre)

Cyclotron

Utilization

Research and Development of Cyclotron

Medical Cyclotron Facilities at Kolkata

Radiation : Facts and Application

Radioactive Ion Beams

All Picture Slides are created by Variable Energy Cyclotron Center Kolkata ,West Bengal, India.

IUPAC SYSTEM OF NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS:

IUPAC SYSTEM OF NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS:

IUPAC SYSTEM OF NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS:

International Union of pure and applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has suggested a scheme for giving systematic names to organic compounds on the basis of structure. A brief description of this is given here.

Alkanes

1) Nomenclature of Alkanes: The first four members are known by their common names; Methane(CH4), Ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8) and butane(C4H10).The higher memebers start from Greek prefix that indicate the number of carbon atoms in the molecules and end with "ane" the last three letteers in alkane; pentane (C5H12), hexane (C6H14), heptane (C7H16) and so on. the alkyl group is obtained by removing one hydrogen atom from an alkane; Methyl (CH3), Ethyl (C2H5) , propyl (C3H7) and so on.Some simpler substiuents with branced chains are often given common names isobutyl

CH3CHCH2(-)    , Sec-butyl            CH3CH2CH---    , tert-butyl         ((CH3)3C----).
         |                                                                   |
        CH3                                                                                  CH3

The following rules are followed while naming other alkanes.

a) Longest chain rule: e longest chain of carbon is chosen and the compound is named as a derivative of this alkane.

b) lowest number rule: the numbering of the chain is started from the end where branching gets the lowest number.

c) Preference to the substituent with the least number of carbon atoms: The numbering is started from the end which is nearest to the branch with the least number of carbon atoms.

d) Preference to the greater number substituents: The end of the chainwhich is nearest to the large number of substituents is taken to be thefirst carbon.

e) Alphabetical order of alkyl group: The substituents are named in the alphabetical order irrespective of their placements.The names methyl, dimethyl, trimethyl, etc.are all considered to start with alphabet m.

f) Proper way of writing: A numeral and letter are separated by a hypen, and numeral from numeral by a coma. The entire name is written as one complete word. For example, the name of the compound.

                                                                                      6         7
                                                        CH3                       CH2CH3
                                            1          2|        3        4          5|
                                            CH3---CH---CH---CH2---CHCH3
                                                                  |
                                                              HC---CH3
                                                                                        |
                                                                 CH3 

                                        2,5- dimethyl-3-isopropylheptane
It have 7 carbon atom at longest chain therefore it name is heptane. It also have two methyl (CH3) group at 2 and 5 numbered positioned carbon chain, therefore it got named  as 2,5- dimethyl .It also have  propyl (C3H7) group at 3 numbered positoned carbon chain. So the ultimate name of above organic compound is 2,5- dimethyl-3-isopropylheptane.

Alkenes

2) Nomenclature of Alkenes: The IUPAC name is obtained by replacing the suffix "-ane" of the corresponding alkane by "-ene".The double bond gets the smallest number in the longest carbon chain.More than one double bond is indicated by ending the name with diene, triene, etc.The position of double bond may be placed between the suffix ene and the rest of the name.For example, the name of the compound.

                                  1           2           3           4         5
                                 CH2=CH---CH---CH=CH2
                                                                        |
                                                     CH3
        
                                 3-methyl pent- 1,4 - diene.

Alkynes

 

3) Nomenclature of Alkynes: Here the suffix "-ane" is replaced by "-yne" for example:
 
                                                             CH3
                                                    5       4 |        3          2   _    1
                                                   CH3---CH---CH2---C  =   CH
                                        
                                             4-methylpent - 1 -yne

3D Alcohol Pictures

 

4) Nomenclature of Alcohols: Here the suffix "-ol" replaces "-e" of the alkane to indicate the OH group.For example, the compound.
                                                                                    4             5             6
                                                                                   CH2---CH2---CH3
                                                             1             2           3|
                                                            CH3---CH2---C---OH
                                                                        |
                                                                       CH2CH3
     
                                                        2- ethyl- 3 -hexanol

3-D-Aldehyde

5) Nomenclature of Aldehydes: Here the suffix "-al" replaces the "-e" of the alkane.The numbering of carbon atoms is always done starting from --CHO group.For example, the compound.
                                                                      CH3                O
                                                                       |                    ||
                                                           CH3---CH---CH2---C---H
                                                            4             3           2             1

                                                             3-methylbutanal

Preparation of ketones

 

 


6) Nomenclature of ketones: Here the suffix "-one" is replaced the "-e" of the alkane.For example the compound.

                                                                                     O
                                                               1             2           3||    4
                                                              CH3---CH2---C---CHCH3
                                                                                             |
                                                                                            CH2---CH2---CH3
                                                                                                       5             6             7
                                                          
                                                                4-methyl - 3 -heptanone

3-D-Carboxylic-Acid

 

7) Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid: Here, the suffix "-oic" acid replaces "-e" of the alkane.The numbering of carbon atoms is always done starting from ---COOH group. For example, the compound.

                                                                                                 CH3           O
                                                                                                  |                ||
                                                               CH3---CH2---CH2---C---CH2---C---OH
                                                                6          5          4        3|      2         1
                                                                                                 CH2CH3

                                                                            3-ethyl- 3-methylhexanoic acid

 

3-D-Amines

8) Nomenclature of amines: Primary amines are named by replacing the ending "-e" of the parent alkane by "-amine". The position of -NH2 is indicated by the number.Secondery and tertiary amines are names as N- substituted derivatives of primary amines. For Example,

Subhaditya News Channel Presents Science,Political,Movie Release, Sports News This Week (25)

Overview of Subhaditya News Channel 25

3D Picture of Science News

Science News This Week:

Best Evidence Yet That Dinosaurs Used Feathers the Way Peacocks Do, for Courtship:

1) Best Evidence Yet That Dinosaurs Used Feathers the Way Peacocks Do, for Courtship:

A University of Alberta researcher's examination of fossilized dinosaur tail bones has led to a breakthrough finding: some feathered dinosaurs used tail plumage to attract mates, much like modern-day peacocks and turkeys.

U of A Paleontology researcher Scott Persons followed a chain of fossil evidence that started with a peculiar fusing together of vertebrae at the tip of the tail of four different species of dinosaurs, some separated in time and evolution by 45 million years.

Persons says the final vertebrae in the tails of a group of dinosaurs called oviraptors were fused together forming a ridged, blade-like structure. "The structure is called a pygostyle" says Persons. "Among modern animals only birds have them."

Researchers say fossils of Similicaudiptery, an early oviraptor, reveals feathers radiating from the fused bones at the tail tip. Similicaudiptery was not known to be a flying dinosaur and Persons contends its tail feathers evolved as a means of waving its feathered tail fans.No direct fossil evidence of feathers has been found with the fossils of the oviraptors that followed Similicaudiptery, but Persons says there is still strong evidence they had a feathered tail.

Persons reasons that because the later oviraptor had the same tail structure as the feathered Similicaudipteryx, the tails of later oviraptors' still served the same purpose, waving feathered tail fans.Persons says the hypothesis of oviraptor tail waving is supported by both the bone and muscle structure of the tail.

Individual vertebrae at the base of an oviraptor's tail were short and numerous, indicating great flexibility. Based on dissections of modern reptile and bird tails, Persons reconstruction of the dinosaur's tail muscles revealed oviraptors had what it took to really shake their tail feathers.

Large muscles extended far down the tail and had a sufficient number of broad connection points to the vertebrae to propel oviraptor's tail feathers vigorously from side to side and up and down.Oviraptors were two-legged dinosaurs that had already gone through major diversifications from the iconic, meat eating dinosaur family. Oviraptors were plant eaters that roamed parts of China, Mongolia, and Alberta during the Cretaceous period, the final age of the dinosaur.

"By this time a variety of dinosaurs used feathers for flight and insulation from the cold, "said Persons. "This shows that by the Late Cretaceous dinosaurs were doing everything with feathers that modern birds do now," said Persons.In addition to feathered-tail waving, oviraptors also had prominent bone crests on their head, which Persons says the dinosaur also may have used in mating displays."Between the crested head and feathered-tail shaking, oviraptors had a propensity for visual exhibitionism," said Persons.

Stem Cell Technology Could Help Harness Patients' Own Immune Cells to Fight Disease

2) Stem Cell Technology Could Help Harness Patients' Own Immune Cells to Fight Disease:

The human body contains immune cells programmed to fight cancer and viral infections, but they often have short lifespans and are not numerous enough to overcome attacks by particularly aggressive malignancies or invasions. Now researchers reporting in two separate papers in the January 4th issue of the Cell Press journal Cell Stem Cell used stem cell technology to successfully regenerate patients' immune cells, creating large numbers that were long-lived and could recognize their specified targets: HIV-infected cells in one case and cancer cells in the other.

The findings could help in the development of strategies to rejuvenate patients' exhausted immune responses.

The techniques the groups employed involved using known factors to revert mature immune T cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which can differentiate into virtually any of the body's different cell types. The researchers then expanded these iPSCs and later coaxed them to redifferentiate back into T cells. Importantly, the newly made T cells were "rejuvenated" with increased growth potential and lifespan, while retaining their original ability to target cancer and HIV-infected cells. These findings suggest that manipulating T cells using iPSC techniques could be useful for future development of more effective immune therapies.

In one study, investigators used T cells from an HIV-infected patient. The redifferentiated cells they generated had an unlimited lifespan and contained long telomeres, or caps, on the ends of their chromosomes, which protect cells from aging. This is significant because normal aging of T cells limits their expansion, making them inefficient as therapies. "The system we established provides 'young and active' T cells for adoptive immunotherapy against viral infection or cancers," says senior author Dr. Hiromitsu Nakauchi, of the University of Tokyo.

The other research team focused on T cells from a patient with malignant melanoma. The redifferentiated cells they created recognized the protein MART-1, which is commonly expressed on melanoma tumors. "The next step we are going to do is examine whether these regenerated T cells can selectively kill tumor cells but not other healthy tissues. If such cells are developed, these cells might be directly applied to patients," says senior author Dr. Hiroshi Kawamoto, of the RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology. "This could be realized in the not-so-distant future."

Gene Variant Linked to Active Personality Traits Also Linked to Human Longevity:

3) Gene Variant Linked to Active Personality Traits Also Linked to Human Longevity:

A variant of a gene associated with active personality traits in humans seems to also be involved with living a longer life, UC Irvine and other researchers have found.This derivative of a dopamine-receptor gene -- called the DRD4 7R allele -- appears in significantly higher rates in people more than 90 years old and is linked to lifespan increases in mouse studies.

Robert Moyzis, professor of biological chemistry at UC Irvine, and Dr. Nora Volkow, a psychiatrist who conducts research at the Brookhaven National Laboratory and also directs the National Institute on Drug Abuse, led a research effort that included data from the UC Irvine-led 90+ Study in Laguna Woods, Calif. Results appear online in The Journal of Neuroscience.

The variant gene is part of the dopamine system, which facilitates the transmission of signals among neurons and plays a major role in the brain network responsible for attention and reward-driven learning. The DRD4 7R allele blunts dopamine signaling, which enhances individuals' reactivity to their environment.

People who carry this variant gene, Moyzis said, seem to be more motivated to pursue social, intellectual and physical activities. The variant is also linked to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and addictive and risky behaviors.

"While the genetic variant may not directly influence longevity," Moyzis said, "it is associated with personality traits that have been shown to be important for living a longer, healthier life. It's been well documented that the more you're involved with social and physical activities, the more likely you'll live longer. It could be as simple as that."

Numerous studies -- including a number from the 90+ Study -- have confirmed that being active is important for successful aging, and it may deter the advancement of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's.

Prior molecular evolutionary research led by Moyzis and Chuansheng Chen, UC Irvine professor of psychology & social behavior, indicated that this "longevity allele" was selected for during the nomadic out-of-Africa human exodus more than 30,000 years ago.

In the new study, the UC Irvine team analyzed genetic samples from 310 participants in the 90+ Study. This "oldest-old" population had a 66 percent increase in individuals carrying the variant relative to a control group of 2,902 people between the ages of 7 and 45. The presence of the variant also was strongly correlated with higher levels of physical activity.

Next, Volkow, neuroscientist Panayotis Thanos and their colleagues at the Brookhaven National Laboratory found that mice without the variant had a 7 percent to 9.7 percent decrease in lifespan compared with those possessing the gene, even when raised in an enriched environment.

While it's evident that the variant can contribute to longevity, Moyzis said further studies must take place to identify any immediate clinical benefits from the research. "However, it is clear that individuals with this gene variant are already more likely to be responding to the well-known medical adage to get more physical activity," he added.

First author Deborah Grady, Maria Corrada, Valentina Ciobanu, Alexandra Moyzis, Chuansheng Chen and Dr. Claudia Kawas of UC Irvine; Diana Shustarovich and Gene-Jack Wang of Brookhaven; David Grandy of Oregon Health & Science University; Marcelo Rubinstein of Argentina's National Scientific & Technical Research Council; and Qi Dong of Beijing Normal University also contributed to the study, which was supported bthe U.S. Department of Energy, the National Institute on Aging, and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism intramural program.

First Meteorite Linked to Martian Crust:

4) First Meteorite Linked to Martian Crust:

After extensive analyses by a team of scientists led by Carl Agee at the University of New Mexico, researchers have identified a new class of Martian meteorite that likely originated from Mars's crust. It is also the only meteoritic sample dated to 2.1 billion years ago, the early era of the most recent geologic epoch on Mars, an epoch called the Amazonian. The meteorite was found to contain an order of magnitude more water than any other Martian meteorite.

Researchers from the Carnegie Institution (Andrew Steele, Marilyn Fogel, Roxane Bowden, and Mihaela Glamoclija) studied carbon in the meteorite and have shown that organic carbon (macromolecular) similar to that seen in other Martian meteorites is also found in this meteorite.

The research is published in the January 3, 2013, issue of Science Express.

The unique meteorite, dubbed Northwest Africa (NWA) 7034, has some similarities to, but is very different from other Martian meteorites known as SNC (for three members of the group: Shergotty, Nakhla, and Chassigny). SNC meteorites currently number 110. And so far they are the only meteoritic samples from Mars that scientists have been able to study. However, their point of origin on the Red Planet is not known. In fact, recent data from lander and orbiter missions suggest that they are a mismatch for the Martian crust.

As co-author Andrew Steele, who led the carbon analysis at the Carnegie Institution's Geophysical Laboratory explained: "The texture of the NWA meteorite is not like any of the SNC meteorites. It is made of cemented fragments of basalt, rock that forms from rapidly cooled lava, dominated with feldspar and pyroxene, most likely from volcanic activity. This composition is common for lunar samples, but not from other Martian meteorites. This unusual meteorite's chemistry suggests it came from the Martian crust. It is the first link thus far of any meteorite to the crust. Our carbon analysis also showed the presence of macromolecular organic carbon in feldspar grains associated with iron oxides, hinting that perhaps there is a different non-biological process at work than that explaining the presence of macromolecular carbon in other Martian meteorites."

Lead author Agee, of the Institute of Meteoritics at the University of New Mexico, remarked: "The basaltic rock in this meteorite is consistent with the crust or upper mantle of Mars based on findings from recent Martian rovers and orbiters. Our analysis of the oxygen isotopes shows that NWA 7034 is not like any other meteorites or planetary samples. The chemistry is consistent with a surface origin and an interaction with the Martian atmosphere. The abundance of water, some 6000 parts per million, suggests that the meteorite interacted with the Martian surface some 2.1 billion years ago."

"Perhaps most exciting, is that the high water content could mean there was an interaction of the rocks with surface water either from volcanic magma, or from fluids from impacting comets during that time," said Steele. "It is the richest Martian meteorite geochemically and further analyses are bound to unleash more surprises."

Mars Rover Curiosity Explores 'Yellowknife Bay

5) Mars Rover Curiosity Explores 'Yellowknife Bay'

After imaging during the holidays, NASA's Mars rover Curiosity resumed driving Jan. 3 and pulled within arm's reach of a sinuous rock feature called "Snake River."

Snake River is a thin curving line of darker rock cutting through flatter rocks and jutting above sand. Curiosity's science team plans to get a closer look at it before proceeding to other nearby rocks.

"It's one piece of the puzzle," said the mission's project scientist, John Grotzinger of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. "It has a crosscutting relationship to the surrounding rock and appears to have formed after the deposition of the layer that it transects."

The drive during the mission's 147th Martian day, or sol, on the Red Planet took Curiosity about 10 feet (3 meters) northwestward and brought the mission's total driving distance to 2,303 feet (702 meters). The rover is within a shallow depression called "Yellowknife Bay," which is a flatter and lighter-toned type of terrain from what the mission crossed during its first four months inside Gale Crater.

During a holiday break for the rover team, Curiosity stayed at a location within Yellowknife Bay from which the rover took images of its surroundings. The team is evaluating possible first targets for use of Curiosity's hammering drill in coming weeks. The drill will collect powdered samples from the interior of rocks for analysis by instruments inside the rover.

"We had no surprises over the holidays," said the mission's project manager, Richard Cook of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena. "Now, Curiosity is back on the move. The area the rover is in looks good for our first drilling target."

NASA's Mars Science Laboratory Project is using Curiosity to assess whether areas inside Gale Crater ever offered a habitable environment for microbes. JPL, a division of Caltech, manages the project for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington.

3D Picture of Movies News

Movie Release This Week:

Quartet

1) Quartet :

A group of ageing former musicians living in a home for retired opera singers prepare to hold their annual concert celebrating Verdi's birthday. 

Texas Chainsaw 3D

2) Texas Chainsaw 3D :

Heather and her friends go on a road trip to visit the mansion her grandmother left in her name, but she is completely unaware of the massacre that... 

Chinatown

3) Chinatown :

Detective story set during a heat wave in 1930s Los Angeles, whose residents are suffering from a water shortage as a result of an ongoing drought....

Repulsion

4) Repulsion :

A film chronicling the descent into schizophrenia of a sexually confused, isolated young woman named Carol who works at a beauty parlor and shares ... 

Outside Satan

5) Outside Satan :

A strange man who barely scrapes by lurking outside of a hamlet, is cared for by a farm girl who lives nearby. He drives evil away from the hamlet,... 

3D Picture of Political News

Poitical  news  this  week:

Accused of rape, Congress leader thrashed in Assam

 

1) Accused of rape, Congress leader thrashed in Assam:

A Congress leader in Assam’s Bodoland Territorial Areas Districts (BTAD) was taken into custody by police Thursday after he allegedly attempted to rape a woman and was beaten up by villagers. He will be formally arrested as soon the case is filed.

The incident took place at Salbari in Chirang district Wednesday night, police said, adding that Bikramsingh Brahma was handed over to police by the woman’s husband and the villagers Thursday morning.

“Local people caught hold of Brahma in the house of the victim and handed him over to the police. The villagers also beat up the politician before handing him over. The victim’s husband filed a complaint against Brahma, alleging that Brahma had raped his wife,” said Inspector General of Police (Law and Order) S.N. Singh.

“Brahma is in police custody now and he would be arrested soon. The police are waiting for the case to be registered,” said Singh.

Brahma is the coordinator of the Congress party for the four districts of BTAD – Kokrajhar, Baksa, Chirang and Udalguri – and he had also contested the 2011 Assam assembly polls from Chapaguri constituency on a Congress ticket.

“It seems that Brahma had been taking advantage of the woman for quite sometime by giving her hopes that he would make her beneficiary of various government schemes,” the IGP said.

Meanwhile, Congress spokesman Haren Das said that strong disciplinary action will be taken against Brahma if the allegations against him were found to be true.

PM unveils science, technology and innovation policy at 100th Indian Science Congress

2) PM unveils science, technology and innovation policy at 100th Indian Science Congress

Prime Minister Manmohan Singh today unveiled the country's science, technology and innovation policy that he said aims to put India among the top five science powerhouses in the world by 2020.

At the 100th Indian Science Congress in Kolkata, Dr Singh welcomed a debate on genetically modified foods, nuclear energy and space exploration and said faith and fear should give way to proper debate and analysis.Dr Singh said science should be used to meet the needs of the underprivileged.

The Prime Minister is attending the science congress with President Pranab Mukherjee and West Bengal Chief Minister Mamta Banerjee. Around 12,000 scientists are expected to participate in the event.The President inaugurated the science congress and said he wished to see India win a Noble Prize in science. "We need an educational system that lays importance on development of a scientific culture within the society. 

Delhi Gang-Rape: Police files chargesheet in court

3) Delhi Gang-Rape: Police files chargesheet in court:

After almost three weeks since the brutal gang rape of the Delhi braveheart, the filed the ‘e-charge sheet’ in the Metropolitan Magistrate’s court in Saket here today.

All 5 were chargesheeted for murder, gangrape, kidnapping, unnatural offences, dacoity, destruction of evidence and criminal conspiracy under IPC.Charge sheet will come up for consideration on 5 January.

Police has sought permission to keep FIR in sealed cover to protect identity of victim and for in-camera proceedings.Earlier, a senior police official had said the charge sheet, which is being vetted by legal experts, has cited 30 witnesses in connection with the 16 December incident in which the physiotherapy student was gangraped and brutally assaulted in a moving bus in south Delhi. The victim died in a Singapore hospital on Saturday morning.

The charge sheet will detail the role of five men while mentioning that a separate report would be sent to Juvenile Justice Board for the trial of the minor boy allegedly involved in the case, the official said.

It also gives details about the sequence of events, the treatment, shifting of the patient to a Singapore hospital as well as her death, the official said.

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam inaugurates children science congress

4) A.P.J. Abdul Kalam inaugurates children science congress:

Former President Dr. A.P.J.Abdul Kalam inaugurated a Children Science Congress at the S.N.Bose National Center for Basic Sciences here today.

Speaking on the occasion, Dr. Kalam said the event is standing on the shoulders of great scientific minds like S N Bose, J C Bose, Meghnath Saha, Sir C V Raman, Srinivasa Ramanujan, Homi Bhabha and Vikram Sarabhai and many other great scientists.

He said he would be more than happy to share a few thoughts on the topic "excellence in thinking and actions".

He further asked young buds present on the occasion to accept science as a life mission, with excellence in thinking and action by striving to work with their utmost potential .

Asserting that history has proven that those who dare to imagine the impossible are the ones who break all human limitations, Dr. Kalam said: " In every field of human endeavor, whether science, medicine, sports, the arts, or technology, the names of the people who imagined the impossible and achieved are engraved in our history. By breaking the limits of their imagination, they changed the world."

The former president also shared his interaction with students in State Children Science Congress (2012) Uttar Pradesh State Science Congress at Barabanki, Southern Regional Science Congress at Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, Mega Science Fair at Darbhanga (Bihar) and National Children Science Congress at Varanasi.

He also referred to the recent development by two teams at the CERN Laboratory towards the discovery of the "God Particle" , a popular name for an elementary particle called Higgs Boson, named after a great scientist Peter Higgs and already some progress is being made in this direction in 2011, and it may be possible that within the next few year, we would be able to understand better about the God's Particle and unravel the mystery of why matter exists and how universe came into being.

Dr. Kalam said: "I am sure, some of you, as scientists of tomorrow would be finding such sub-atomic, fundamental physics as a research area for your scientific pursuits and would play a vital role in discovering more about this unique area of particle physics." 

Miandad cancels trip amid visa controversy

5) Miandad cancels trip amid visa controversy:

Javed Miandad, whose son is married to underworld don Dawood Ebrahim’s daughter, on Friday cancelled his visit to Delhi in the wake of a raging controversy in India over giving him a visa for the trip.

Former Pakistan captain Miandad, who was planning to watch the third and final ODI in Delhi, cancelled his visit to avoid inflaming the situation, a Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB) official said on condition of anonymity.

The official said the PCB did not want the focus to move away from cricket to other matters.

Ever since news came out that Miandad, whose son Junaid married the fugitive Mumbai don’s daughter Mahrukh in Dubai in 2005, was coming to the country, there has been widespread anger at the Indian government’s decision to give him a visa for the visit.The Indian government, however, justified the decision by saying that Miandad was not on the ‘negative list’ of those not to be given visas.

BJP and Shiv Sena had on Thursday lashed out at the government for granting the visa, asking how allowing a person related to Ibrahim would help improve bilateral ties.External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid on Friday said there were three categories of people who could be given visas: people who have a return ticket and want to watch the match, players and members of the PCB.

“It’s a decision that has been taken by the Home Ministry,” Khursid said. “And I am sure they would have taken inputs from all concerned agencies and from our mission in Pakistan. I am sure they would have followed all procedures.”

Minister of State for Home RPN Singh added: “He [Miandad] is a well-known cricketer. His visa application papers were in order and valid and that is why the government has decided to give him a visa.”There had been reports before a series in 2005 that a request for a visa by the batting great was turned down by the Indian government.

Earlier, Uddhav Thackeray, leader of Shiv Sena, who oppose playing cricket against Pakistan, said in an editorial in the party’s mouthpiece Saamna that given Miandad’s relationship with Ebrahim, India could have sent out a strong message by not issuing a visa.

“Our lame government is seeking to forget the past and play cricket with Pakistan,” said Thackeray. “By issuing a visa to Miandad, our shameless government is now extending a hand of friendship to Dawood’s relative. When we have a lame and shameless government, Pakistan is bound to take advantage of us. What is a common man going to do?”

Malala discharged from British hospital

6) Malala discharged from British hospital :

 Three months after she was seriously injured in a murderous attack by a Taliban gunman, a smiling Malala Yousafzai on Friday left Birmingham’s Queen Elizabeth Hospital as doctors said she had made a "remarkable" recovery and was fit to be discharged.

Describing the teenaged Pakistani schoolgirl as a "strong young woman", Dr. Dave Rosser, medical director of the health trust that runs the hospital, said: "Following discussions with Malala and her medical team, we decided that she would benefit from being at home with her parents and two brothers. She will return to the hospital as an outpatient and our therapies team will continue to work with her at home to supervise her care."

The discharge came a day after she was chosen for Ireland’s prestigious Tipperary International Peace Prize for 2012 for her courage and determination to speak out in support of equal access to education for every child.

Malala’s father, Ziauddin Yousafzai, has been given a job at Pakistani consulate in Birmingham so that she can continue to stay on in Britain after her medical treatment.

Malala (15), who suffered serious skull injuries after being shot by a militant, is to undergo cranial reconstruction surgery later this month or in February.

Her father said the family was moved by "the heart-touching good wishes of the people across the world of all castes, colour and creed".

The attack on her as she was returning home from her school in Pakistan’s Swat district on October 9 caused international outrage. Thousands of people signed a petition nominating her for the Nobel Peace Prize. 

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Sports News Of This Week:

India suffer humiliating ODI series defeat to Pakistan

 

India suffer humiliating ODI series defeat to Pakistan

An insipid India slumped to yet another series defeat with a pathetic display as arch-rivals Pakistan spanked the hosts by 85 runs in the second one-dayer to take an unassailable 2-0 lead in the three-match series on Thursday. An insipid India slumped to yet another series defeat with a pathetic display as arch-rivals Pakistan spanked the hosts by 85 runs in the second one-dayer to take an unassailable 2-0 lead in the three-match series on Thursday.

India suffer humiliating ODI series defeat to Pakistan

The floodgates opened up after the dismissal of Hafeez as none of the other batsmen could hang around for long on a slow Eden Garden track, which made stroke-making difficult after the ball became older.

The Indians needed a good start from their struggling openers – Gautam Gambhir and Virender Sehwag – but it did not materialise yet again, putting pressure on the jittery middle-order.

Sehwag (31), Gambhir (11), Virat Kohli (6), Yuvraj Singh (9) and Suresh Raina (18) perished in quick succession to give the visitors the upper hand in what eventually turned out to be a lop-sided contest.

Skipper Dhoni, who scored a heroic unbeaten 113 in the first ODI in Chennai, again provided some resistance with a cautious and unbeaten 54 but wickets kept tumbling at the other end to nullify his efforts.

The series defeat against Pakistan marks another low for the struggling team which suffered an embarrassing Test series debacle against England at home and levelled a T20 series 1-1.

Thursday’s defeat has also rendered the third and final ODI at Ferozeshah Kotla in Delhi on Sunday inconsequential.