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Sunday, 26 August 2012

Subhaditya News Channel Present Latest News From Science , Sport , Politics , World Economy ,Movies(8)



3D Picture of Subhaditya Science News This Week


Science News This Week:

This photo mosaic shows the scour mark, dubbed Goulburn, left by the thrusters on the sky crane that helped lower NASA's Curiosity rover to the Red Plane.It is located 16 to 20 feet (5 to 6 meters) to the left of the rover's landing position. The sky crane appears to have uncovered an outcrop of loosely consolidated rocks during the rover's landing. The mosaic consists of six images from the remote micro-imager (RMI) on the Chemistry and Camera (ChemCam) instrument, shown around an image from the Mast Camera for context. Each RMI image has a field of view of 4 to 5 inches (10 to 12 centimeters) across and shows details as small as 0.02 to 0.03 inches (0.5 to 0.6 millimeters). ChemCam's laser was used to analyze material at the centers of panels 2, 3 and 4.


1) Mars Surface Data: ChemCam Laser First Analyses Yield Beautiful Results:

Members of the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover ChemCam team, including Los Alamos National Laboratory scientists, squeezed in a little extra target practice after zapping the first fist-sized rock that was placed in the laser's crosshairs last weekend.

Much to the delight of the scientific team, the laser instrument has fired nearly 500 shots so far that have produced strong, clear data about the composition of the Martian surface.

"The spectrum we have received back from Curiosity is as good as anything we looked at on Earth," said Los Alamos National Laboratory planetary scientist Roger Wiens, Principal Investigator of the ChemCam Team. "The entire MSL team was very excited about this and we popped a little champagne."

When ChemCam fires its extremely powerful laser pulse, it briefly focuses the energy of a million light bulbs onto an area the size of a pinhead. The laser blast vaporizes a small amount of its target up to seven meters (23 feet) away. The resultant flash of glowing plasma is viewed by the system's 4.3-inch aperture telescope, which sends the light down an optical fiber to a spectrometer located in the body of the rover. There, the colors of light from the flash are recorded and then sent to Earth, enabling scientists to determine the elemental composition of the vaporized material.

Scientists tested the system on Earth in a chamber that simulated the Martian atmosphere. Some of the initial spectral data from Mars look similar to some of the terrestrial standards at first glance. In the coming weeks, ChemCam researchers will pore over the data to look for tiny variations among the peaks and valleys within spectral data captured on Earth and on Mars. These comparisons will allow the team to fine tune and calibrate the instrument, ensuring that every spectral signature gathered by the rover is accurate.

Each element on the Periodic Table has a unique spectral signature. ChemCam scientists will be able to use these spectral fingerprints to decipher the composition of Martian geology, including information about whether Mars rocks ever existed in a watery environment or underwent changes due to interactions with biological organisms.

With regard to Coronation rock (the rock formerly known as N-165), ChemCam's inaugural target, "at first glance it appears consistent with a basaltic composition," Wiens said.

"What's more interesting, however, is whether the rock had dust on it or some other kind of surface coating," he said. "ChemCam saw peaks of hydrogen and magnesium during the first shots that we didn't see in subsequent firings. This could mean the rock surface was coated with dust or some other material."

With Coronation's analyses complete, the science team had a chance to pick new targets. "After Coronation, we got to shoot at a group of ugly-looking rocks in the area named 'Goulburn,'" Wiens said. "That is one of the areas near the rover that was blasted by the thrusters of the landing vehicle, but these rocks were much farther away from the rover than Coronation, providing a bit more of a test for the ChemCam's laser."

The ChemCam system is one of 10 instruments mounted on the MSL mission's Curiosity rover -- a six-wheeled mobile laboratory that will roam more than 12 miles of the planet's surface during the course of one Martian year (98 Earth weeks). The system is designed to capture as many as 14,000 observations throughout the mission.

"We are just jubilant," Wiens said. "This mission is absolutely amazing. Everything is working so well. The same applies to our instrument."

ChemCam's laser, telescope, and camera were provided by the French space agency, CNES, while the spectrometers, electronics, and software were built at Los Alamos National Laboratory, which leads the investigation. The spectrometers were developed with the aid of Ocean Optics, Incorporated, and Jet Propulsion Laboratory assisted with various aspects of development.

The Curiosity science team plans next to take the rover out for a short spin to test out other systems. As the mission progresses, researchers will study the Martian environment in the vicinity of Mount Sharp, a towering peak with a summit nearly three miles above the rover. Mount Sharp appears to contain layers of sedimentary history dating back several billion years. These layers are like pages of a book that could teach researchers much about the geological history of the planet, including whether the Martian environment ever was, or ever may be, suitable for life as we know it.


Humans inherit more than three times as many mutations from their fathers as from their mothers, and mutation rates increase with the father's age but not the mother's, researchers have found in the largest study of human genetic mutations to date.


2) Most Mutations Come from Dad: New Insights Into Age, Height and Sex Reshape Views of Human Evolution:

Humans inherit more than three times as many mutations from their fathers as from their mothers, and mutation rates increase with the father's age but not the mother's, researchers have found in the largest study of human genetic mutations to date.

The study, based on the DNA of around 85,000 Icelanders, also calculates the rate of human mutation at high resolution, providing estimates of when human ancestors diverged from nonhuman primates. It is one of two papers published this week by the journal Nature Genetics as well as one published at Nature that shed dramatic new light on human evolution.

"Most mutations come from dad," said David Reich, professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School and a co-leader of the study. In addition to finding 3.3 paternal germline mutations for each maternal mutation, the study also found that the mutation rate in fathers doubles from age 20 to 58 but that there is no association with age in mothers -- a finding that may shed light on conditions, such as autism, that correlate with the father's age.

The study's first author is James Sun, a graduate student in Reich's lab who worked with researchers from deCODE Genetics, a biopharma company based in Reykjavik, Iceland, to analyze about 2,500 short sequences of DNA taken from 85,289 Icelanders in 24,832 father-mother-child trios. The sequences, called microsatellites, vary in the number of times that they repeat, and are known to mutate at a higher rate than average places in the genome.

Reich's team identified 2,058 mutational changes, yielding a rate of mutation that suggests human and chimpanzee ancestral populations diverged between 3.7 million and 6.6 million years ago.

A second team, also based at deCODE Genetics (but not involving HMS researchers), published a paper this week in Nature on a large-scale direct estimate of the rate of single nucleotide substitutions in human genomes (a different type of mutation process), and came to largely consistent findings.

The finding complicates theories drawn from the fossil evidence. The upper bound, 6.6 million years, is less than the published date of Sahelanthropus tchadensis, a fossil that has been interpreted to be a human ancestor since the separation of chimpanzees, but is dated to around 7 million years old. The new study suggests that this fossil may be incorrectly interpreted.


A runny nose and a wet cough caused by a cold or an allergy may not feel very good. But human airways rely on sticky mucus to expel foreign matter, including toxic and infectious agents from the body.


3) Human Lungs Brush out Intruders:

A runny nose and a wet cough caused by a cold or an allergy may not feel very good. But human airways rely on sticky mucus to expel foreign matter, including toxic and infectious agents, from the body.

Now, a study by Brian Button and colleagues from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, helps to explain how human airways clear such mucus out of the lungs. The findings may give researchers a better understanding of what goes wrong in many human lung diseases, such as cystic fibrosis (CF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma.

The researchers' report appears in the 24 August issue of the journal Science.

"The air we breathe isn't exactly clean, and we take in many dangerous elements with every breath," explains Michael Rubinstein, a co-author of the Science report. "We need a mechanism to remove all the junk we breathe in, and the way it's done is with a very sticky gel called mucus that catches these particles and removes them with the help of tiny cilia."

"The cilia are constantly beating, even while we sleep," he says. "In a coordinated fashion, they push mucus containing foreign objects out of the lungs, and we either swallow it or spit it out. These cilia even beat for a few hours after we die. If they stopped, we'd be flooded with mucus that provides a fertile breeding ground for bacteria."

Until now, most researchers have subscribed to a "gel-on-liquid" model of mucus clearance, in which a watery "periciliary" layer acts as a lubricant and separates mucus from epithelial cells that line human airways. But this old explanation fails to explain how mucus remains in its own distinct layer.

"We can't have a watery layer separating sticky mucus from our cells because there is an osmotic pressure in the mucus that causes it to expand in water," Rubinstein says. "So what is really keeping the mucus from sticking to our cells?"

The researchers used a combination of imaging techniques to observe a dense meshwork in the periciliary layer of human bronchial epithelial cell cultures. The brush-like layer consists of protective molecules that keep sticky mucus from reaching the cilia and epithelial cells, thus ensuring the normal flow of mucus.

Based on their findings, Button and the other researchers propose a "gel-on-brush" form of mucus clearance in which mucus moves atop a brush-like periciliary layer instead of a watery one. They suggest that this mechanism captures the physics of human mucus clearance more accurately.

"This layer -- this brush -- seems to be very important for the healthy functioning of human airways," according to Rubinstein. "It protects cells from sticky mucus, and it creates a second barrier of defense in case viruses or bacteria penetrate through the mucus. They would not penetrate through the brush layer because the brush is denser."

"We found that there is a specific condition, below which the brush is healthy and cells are happy," Rubinstein explains. "But above this ideal condition, in diseases like CF or COPD, the brush becomes compressed and actually prevents the normal cilia beating and healthy flow of mucus."

The researchers explain that, whenever the mucus layer gets too dense, it can crash through the periciliary brush, collapse the cilia and stick to the cell surface.

"The collapse of this brush is what can lead to immobile mucus and result in infection, inflammation and eventually the destruction of lung tissue and the loss of lung function," says Rubinstein. "But our new model should guide researchers to develop novel therapies to treat lung diseases and provide them with biomarkers to track the effectiveness of those therapies."

Chimpanzee

4) Human-Chimp Genetic Differences: New Insights Into Why Humans Are More Susceptible to Cancer and Other Diseases:

Ninety-six percent of a chimpanzee's genome is the same as a human's. It's the other 4 percent, and the vast differences, that pique the interest of Georgia Tech's Soojin Yi. For instance, why do humans have a high risk of cancer, even though chimps rarely develop the disease?

In research published in September's American Journal of Human Genetics, Yi looked at brain samples of each species. She found that differences in certain DNA modifications, called methylation, may contribute to phenotypic changes. The results also hint that DNA methylation plays an important role for some disease-related phenotypes in humans, including cancer and autism.

"Our study indicates that certain human diseases may have evolutionary epigenetic origins," says Yi, a faculty member in the School of Biology. "Such findings, in the long term, may help to develop better therapeutic targets or means for some human diseases. "

DNA methylation modifies gene expression but doesn't change a cell's genetic information. To understand how it differs between the two species, Yi and her research team generated genome-wide methylation maps of the prefrontal cortex of multiple humans and chimps. They found hundreds of genes that exhibit significantly lower levels of methylation in the human brain than in the chimpanzee brain. Most of them were promoters involved with protein binding and cellular metabolic processes.

"This list of genes includes disproportionately high numbers of those related to diseases," said Yi. "They are linked to autism, neural-tube defects and alcohol and other chemical dependencies. This suggests that methylation differences between the species might have significant functional consequences. They also might be linked to the evolution of our vulnerability to certain diseases, including cancer."

Yi, graduate student Jia Zeng and postdoctoral researcher Brendan Hunt worked with a team of researchers from Emory University and UCLA. The Yerkes National Primate Research Center provided the animal samples used in the study. It was also funded by the Georgia Tech Fund for Innovation in Research and Education (GT-FIRE) and National Science Foundation grants (MCB-0950896 and BCS-0751481). The content is solely the responsibility of the principal investigators and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NSF.

The diagram shows the newly submitted transiting planets in green along with the unconfirmed planet candidates in the same system in violet. The systems are ordered horizontally by increasing Kepler number and KOI designation and vertically by orbital period

5) More Exoplanets Discovered: 41 New Transiting Planets in Kepler Field of View:

Two newly submitted studies verify 41 new transiting planets in 20 star systems. These results may increase the number of Kepler's confirmed planets by more than 50 percent: to 116 planets hosted in 67 systems, over half of which contain more than one planet.

The papers are currently under scientific peer-review.

Nineteen of the newly validated planetary systems have two closely spaced transiting planets and one system has three. Five of the systems are common to both of these independent studies.

The planets range from Earth-size to more than seven times the radius of Earth, but generally orbit so close to their parent stars that they are hot, inhospitable worlds.

The planets were confirmed by analyzing Transit Timing Variations (TTVs). In closely packed systems, the gravitational pull of the planets causes the acceleration or deceleration of a planet along its orbit. These "tugs" cause the orbital period of each planet to change from one orbit to the next. TTV demonstrates that two transiting planet candidates are in the same system and that their masses are planetary in nature.

"These systems, with their large gravitational interactions, give us important clues about how planetary systems form and evolve," said lead researcher Jason Steffen, the Brinson postdoctoral fellow at Fermilab Center for Particle Astrophysics in Batavia, Ill. "This information helps us understand how our own solar system fits into the population of all planetary systems."

The two research teams used data from NASA's Kepler space telescope, which measures dips in the brightness of more than 150,000 stars, to search for transiting planets.

"The sheer volume of planet candidates being identified by Kepler is inspiring teams to look at the planet confirmation and characterization process differently. This TTV confirmation technique can be applied to large numbers of systems relatively quickly and with little or no follow-up observations from the ground," said Natalie Batalha, Kepler mission scientist at NASA's Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif. "Perhaps the bottleneck between identifying planet candidates and confirming them just got a little wider."

Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, Calif., manages Kepler's ground system development, mission operations and science data analysis. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., managed the Kepler mission's development.

Ball Aerospace and Technologies Corp. in Boulder, Colo., developed the Kepler flight system and supports mission operations with the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado in Boulder.

The Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore archives, hosts and distributes Kepler science data. Kepler is NASA's 10th Discovery Mission and is funded by NASA's Science Mission Directorate at the agency's headquarters in Washington.


Astrocytes are small, star-shaped cells in the brain that act like the neuron's bodyguards, and because of that they play an important role in diseases of the central nervous system, including dementia.


6) Astrocytes Control the Generation of New Neurons from Neural Stem Cells:

Researchers from the Laboratory of astrocyte biology and CNS regeneration headed by Prof. Milos Pekny just published a research article in a journal Stem Cells on the molecular mechanism that controls generation of new neurons in the brain.

Astrocytes are cells that have many functions in the central nervous system, such as the control of neuronal synapses, blood flow, or the brain's response to neurotrauma or stroke.

This micrograph is of a section of brain stained using a Holzer stain. Although this stain is not routinely used in diagnostic pathology now, it demonstrates well the astrocytes with their many processes, giving them a star-shaped appearance

Reduces brain tissue damage

Prof. Pekny's laboratory together with collaborators have earlier demonstrated that astrocytes reduce the brain tissue damage after stroke and that the integration of transplanted neural stem cells can be largely improved by modulating the activity of astrocytes.

Generation of new neurons

In their current study, the Sahlgrenska Academy researchers show how astrocytes control the generation of new neurons in the brain. An important contribution to this project came from Ã…bo Academy, one of Sahlgrenska's traditional collaborative partners.

"In the brain, astrocytes control how many new neurons are formed from neural stem cells and survive to integrate into the existing neuronal networks. Astrocytes do this by secreting specific molecules but also by much less understood direct cell-cell interactions with stem cells," says Prof. Milos Pekny.

Important regulator

"Astrocytes are in physical contact with neural stem cells and we have shown that they signal through the Notch pathway to stem cells to keep the birth rate of new neurons low. We have also shown that the intermediate filament system of astrocytes is an important regulator of this process. It seems that astrocyte intermediate filaments can be used as a target to increase the birthrate of new neurons."

Target for future therapies

"We are starting to understand some of the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind the control of neurogenesis. Neurogenesis is one of the components of brain plasticity, which plays a role in the learning process as well as in the recovery after brain injury or stroke. This work helps us to understand how plasticity and regenerative response can be therapeutically promoted in the future," says Prof. Milos Pekny.


3D Picture of Subhaditya Sport News This Week



Sports News This Week:

R Ashwin scalped six wickets in the first innings

1) Cricket: Indian spinners strike in New Zealand Test:

Off-spinner Ravichandran Ashwin grabbed a career-best 6-31 to help India gain a big lead on the third day of the opening Test against New Zealand in Hyderabad on Saturday.

Left-arm spinner Pragyan Ojha (3-44) was the other main wicket-taker as New Zealand were bowled out for 159 in their first innings at the stroke of lunch in reply to India's 438.

India, who enforced the follow-on after taking a 279-run lead, reduced New Zealand to 41-1 in the second innings when tea was taken early due to bad light and rain in the afternoon session.

Opener Brendon McCullum was unbeaten on 16 and Kane Williamson was three not out at the break.

Nehru Cup 2012 ,India beat Syria 2-1 in opener

2) Spirited Maldives await India in Nehru Cup:

Syria were taken care of rather easily in the tournament opener, but a sterner test awaits the Indian football team as it gets ready to face Maldives in the Nehru Cup on Saturday.

The last time the two teams met, in the semifinal of the SAFF Cup in December, India eked out a comfortable 3-1 win, but going by their dominating display over Nepal last night, Maldives seem to have made improvements in their game.

Prashant Chopra has been the most consistent batsman during the tournament with three fifties from five games.

3) Under 19 Cricket World Cup 2012: India have potential to beat Australia in the final:

Unmukt Chand and his boys are a step away from bagging the biggest prize there is for young and upcoming cricketers. Following in the footsteps of his fellow Delhi player Virat Kohli, Chand has led India into the final of the ICC Under-19 World Cup 2012 in Australia. While India’s senior players battle it out in a Test match at Hyderabad, India’s under-19 stars lock horns with their Australian counterparts for the trophy on Sunday. Indian fans have always taken keen interest in the development of their young players at the tournament – particularly since Mohammad Kaif and company lifted the trophy in the year 2000.

US doping agency erases Lance Armstrong's titles.

4) US doping agency erases Lance Armstrong's titles:

A day after the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency punished Armstrong with a lifetime ban from professional cycling and erased 14 years of his career after concluding he used performance-enhancing druugs, Armstrong is scheduled to ride in a mountain bike race in Aspen, Colo., on Saturday and follow it up by running a marathon there Sunday.

3D Picture of Subhaditya Political News This Week

Political News This Week:

Coal Minister Shriprakash Jaiswal, left, Finance Minister P. Chidambaram, center, and Law Minister Salman Khurshid, held a press conference in New Delhi on Aug. 24, 2012.


1) BJP sticks to demand for PM's resignation on 'coalgate' scam:

BJP stuck to its demand for Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's resignation on the 'coalgate' scam and said it would not let Parliament function till he demits office owning up responsibility.

"There is no (no) question of the opposition letting off pressure on the Prime Minister to quit his office as he has been squarely responsible for the Rs 1.86 lakh crore coal scam which has taken place right under his nose as he held the coal portfolio for five years between 2005-09 in UPA I government," BJP national spokesman Ravishankar Prasad today reporters here.

"The Prime Minister's resignation was all the more warranted to give CBI - probing the irregularities in coal blocks allotment - a free hand to carry out the investigation as the agency directly functions under his command," he said.

The CBI will not be able to freely discharge its duties so long as Singh remained in office as the agency will also probe his role in the capacity as the coal minister, Prasad said.

Prasad said that it was for the first time Singh has been implicated in a scam as he headed the coal ministry during which the allotment of 145 coal blocks took place.

He also tore into Union Finance Minister P Chidambaram's defence of the UPA government and the Prime Minister on the coal scam and said that the latter had committed a mistake similar to his colleague Kapil Sibal in the 2G scam that later turned out to be false.

On Chidambaram's argument that there was no loss incurred in the coal block allotment as mining did not place except in one block, Prasad said the government had "cheated" the country and its people yet against as it could not fulfill its promises of development in infrastructure sectors for which coal blocks were allotted.

"He (Chidambaram) is not the true in-charge of the treasury of the country if he says that zero loss was incurred in the coal blocks allotment," the senior BJP leader slamming Chidambaram for defending the government on the coal scam. "Chidambaram is trying to mislead the country and its people."

There was indeed huge loss incurred by the country in the coal scam as pointed out by the CAG as the beneficiaries' companies' stocks skyrocketed after receiving coal blocks meant for economic infrastructure like electricity, cement and steel, he claimed.

"The country could have earned huge revenues if these coal blocks were auctioned after bidding instead of allotted without auction," Prasad said.

On the UPA government's claims the coal blocks were allotted after approval by the screening committee and the states owning them had vehemently opposed the auction, Prasad said the Centre had rejected various recommendations made by the state governments and the screening committee and went ahead with its own decision to allot coal blocks to the private players without auction.

On UPA government's yet another contention that Parliament was the appropriate forum for debate in public matters and the Parliament's PAC constitutional body to vet CAG reports, Prasad said that in the coal allotment scam there was nothing to discuss as it has been established beyond doubt that the scam did take place and that too when the Prime Minister himself was heading the ministry.

Indian-FM-P-Chidambaram.

2) Clean chit boost to Cong morale:

With finance minister P. Chidambaram finally off the hook in the 2G case, the Congress leadership was buoyant today.

"The fact that the government could mount a major offensive on the BJP on the coal controversy today was possible because the Supreme Court let off Chidambaram. In the face of an adverse judgment, we would have been running for cover and the people would not have believed a word said by us," a senior minister told The Telegraph.

Although senior leaders had said the case against Chidambaram didn't have any legal merit and they were not worried, the brave public posturing could not hide the trepidation in the party and the government over the past few months.

An adverse verdict would have debilitated the government, which has been battling corruption charges, and cemented the negative perception about it.

Many leaders agreed privately that the mega shuffle being planned by Sonia Gandhi before the next general election, and now put off till September, was linked to Chidambaram's fate.

His exit would have been a blow to the government, which last month lost its most experienced minister, Pranab Mukherjee, to Rashtrapati Bhavan.

3) SC extends Singur stay, CM gloats:

 The Supreme Court today issued notices to Tata Motors on an appeal by the Bengal government against Calcutta High Court's June 22 judgment striking down the Singur act.

The top court said interim orders in the case would continue which, legal experts said, means the high court order will stay suspended till further orders but the state cannot return any part of the land to farmers in the interim.

The bench of Justices H.L. Dattu and C.K. Prasad issued the notices asking Tata Motors to reply within four weeks, after which the case will come up for hearing. "Issue notice, interim orders to continue," the bench said in its short order.

The Mamata Banerjee government had passed the Singur Land Rehabilitation and Development Act, 2011, to take back the land, handed over to the Tatas by the erstwhile Left government, after the Nano plant was moved to Gujarat.

The act sought to return at least a part of the land to farmers who had been unwilling to give up their plots and had not accepted compensation.

Tata Motors had challenged the act in the high court. A single-judge bench had initially upheld it but a division bench struck it down.

Arctic ice is melting at a record pace, suggesting the region may be ice-free during summer within 30 years.

4) Arctic sea ice shrinks to record low, by some estimates :

The area of ice in the Arctic Ocean has thawed to a record low, surpassing the previous 2007 minimum in a sign of climate change transforming the region, according to some scientific estimates.

"We reached the minimum ice area today (Thursday). It has never been measured less than right now," Ola Johannessen, founding director of the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center in Norway, told Reuters.

"It is just below the 2007 minimum."

The U.S. National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), widely viewed as the main authority on sea ice, has projected that the 2007 minimum extent is set to be breached next week. The summer thaw usually continues well into September.

Other scientists monitoring the ice interpret satellite data in slightly differing ways.

An ice chart compiled by the Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI) showed the ice extent had also just shrunk a fraction past the 2007 minimum. The DMI said it would defer to the NSIDC to judge when a record had been set.

Ice has been shrinking steadily in recent decades in the Arctic, threatening the livelihoods of indigenous peoples and wildlife. It is also helping to open an area rich in oil and gas and bringing the promise of new, shorter shipping routes.

"This is due to climate change," Nicolai Kliem, head of the ice service at DMI, said of the long-term decline in summer ice. Scientists project that summer sea ice could vanish completely in coming decades.

RUNAWAY THAW

The retreat of the ice may be self-reinforcing. Ice reflects sunlight back into space and as it shrinks it exposes dark water that absorbs more heat, accelerating thawing.

Johannessen stressed his measurement was of the "area" of ice, now less than 4.0 million sq km (1.5 million sq miles), omitting the open water between ice floes.

The NSIDC prefers a bigger "extent", including such gaps, on the grounds that pools of meltwater that form on sea ice are hard to distinguish from open ocean.

Kliem said the ice was becoming more prone to melt because there was less of the hard, resilient ice that endures more than one year. The ice usually reaches a minimum in September before forming again as winter approaches and reaching a maximum in March.

"We had quite a big ice cover in March 2012, above average. But because there is little long-term ice it melts more quickly in summer," he said.

In a sign of widening interest in the polar region as a short-cut shipping route between the Pacific and the Atlantic, Beijing sent an icebreaker across the Arctic this summer to Iceland - the first Chinese vessel to cross the Arctic Ocean.

3D Picture of Subhaditya Movie News This Week

Movie Release of This Week:

The Apparition:

1) The Apparition:

Starring:

    Ashley Greene Ashley Greene
    Sebastian Stan Sebastian Stan
    Tom Felton Tom Felton
    Julianna Guill Julianna Guill
    Luke Pasqualino Luke Pasqualino

When frightening events start to occur in their home, young couple Kelly (Ashley Greene) and Ben (Sebastian Stan) discover they are being haunted by a presence that was accidentally conjured during a university parapsychology experiment. The horrifying apparition feeds on their fear and torments them no matter where they try to run. Their last hope is an expert in the supernatural (Tom Felton), but even with his help they may already be too late to save themselves from this terrifying force... 

Premium Rush

2) Premium Rush:

Starring:

    Joseph Gordon-Levitt Joseph Gordon-Levitt
    Dania Ramirez Dania Ramirez
    Sean Kennedy
    Kimberley Perfetto Kimberley Perfetto
    Anthony Chisholm Anthony Chisholm

In Manhattan, a bike messenger picks up an envelope that attracts the interest of a dirty cop, who pursues the cyclist throughout the city. 

The Revenant

3) The Revenant:

Starring:

    Annie Abbott Annie Abbott
    Senyo Amoaku Senyo Amoaku
    David Anders David Anders
    Zana Zefi Zana Zefi
    Suzan Averitt Suzan Averitt

When Bart mysteriously rises from the grave, he and his slacker best friend become vigilante crime fighters with hilariously mixed results as their adventures become more complicated and bloody than expected. 

Kon-Tiki

4) Kon-Tiki:

Starring:

    PÃ¥l Sverre Valheim Hagen
    Anders Baasmo Christiansen
    Gustaf SkarsgÃ¥rd
    Odd Magnus Williamson
    Tobias Santelmann

The true story about legendary explorer Thor Heyerdahl and his epic crossing of the Pacific on a balsa wood raft in 1947. 

A Lonely Place for Dying

5) A Lonely Place for Dying:

Starring:

    Michael Scovotti Michael Scovotti
    Ross Marquand Ross Marquand
    Michael Wincott Michael Wincott
    James Cromwell James Cromwell
    Luis Robledo Luis Robledo

In 1972, the conflict in Vietnam continues. The creeping threat of communism grips the nation in fear. In an abandoned prison on the US/Mexican border, KGB mole Nikolai Dzerzhinsky waits for his contact from the Washington Post. He holds explosive evidence against the CIA, information he will trade for asylum in the United States. Special Agent Robert Harper's orders are clear: take the documents from Dzerzhinsky and kill him. 

General Education


6) General Education:

Starring:

    Chris Sheffield Chris Sheffield
    Maiara Walsh Maiara Walsh
    Sam Ayers Sam Ayers
    Skylan Brooks Skylan Brooks
    Bobby Campo Bobby Campo

An "American Pie-esque" comedy about growing up and discovering what really matters. Acting veterans Janeane Garofalo and Larry Miller join a talented cast of young performers in fresh, funny college-age romp. 
















































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